Code coverage tests

This page documents the degree to which the PARI/GP source code is tested by our public test suite, distributed with the source distribution in directory src/test/. This is measured by the gcov utility; we then process gcov output using the lcov frond-end.

We test a few variants depending on Configure flags on the pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr machine (x86_64 architecture), and agregate them in the final report:

The target is to exceed 90% coverage for all mathematical modules (given that branches depending on DEBUGLEVEL or DEBUGMEM are not covered). This script is run to produce the results below.

LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - basemath - ZV.c (source / functions) Coverage Total Hit
Test: PARI/GP v2.18.1 lcov report (development 31041-bd73e9fcdd) Lines: 84.7 % 990 839
Test Date: 2026-07-22 22:45:42 Functions: 87.3 % 150 131
Legend: Lines:     hit not hit

            Line data    Source code
       1              : /* Copyright (C) 2000  The PARI group.
       2              : 
       3              : This file is part of the PARI/GP package.
       4              : 
       5              : PARI/GP is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
       6              : terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
       7              : Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
       8              : version. It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
       9              : ANY WARRANTY WHATSOEVER.
      10              : 
      11              : Check the License for details. You should have received a copy of it, along
      12              : with the package; see the file 'COPYING'. If not, write to the Free Software
      13              : Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. */
      14              : 
      15              : #include "pari.h"
      16              : #include "paripriv.h"
      17              : 
      18              : static int
      19      1939135 : check_ZV(GEN x, long l)
      20              : {
      21              :   long i;
      22     13517657 :   for (i=1; i<l; i++)
      23     11578578 :     if (typ(gel(x,i)) != t_INT) return 0;
      24      1939079 :   return 1;
      25              : }
      26              : void
      27      1502839 : RgV_check_ZV(GEN A, const char *s)
      28              : {
      29      1502839 :   if (!RgV_is_ZV(A)) pari_err_TYPE(stack_strcat(s," [integer vector]"), A);
      30      1502831 : }
      31              : void
      32       598625 : RgM_check_ZM(GEN A, const char *s)
      33              : {
      34       598625 :   long n = lg(A);
      35       598625 :   if (n != 1)
      36              :   {
      37       598492 :     long j, m = lgcols(A);
      38      2537570 :     for (j=1; j<n; j++)
      39      1939135 :       if (!check_ZV(gel(A,j), m))
      40           56 :         pari_err_TYPE(stack_strcat(s," [integer matrix]"), A);
      41              :   }
      42       598568 : }
      43              : 
      44              : /* assume m > 1 */
      45              : static long
      46    114761635 : ZV_max_lg_i(GEN x, long m)
      47              : {
      48    114761635 :   long i, l = lgefint(gel(x,1));
      49    954883517 :   for (i = 2; i < m; i++) l = maxss(l, lgefint(gel(x,i)));
      50    114762143 :   return l;
      51              : }
      52              : long
      53        10640 : ZV_max_lg(GEN x)
      54              : {
      55        10640 :   long m = lg(x);
      56        10640 :   return m == 1? 2: ZV_max_lg_i(x, m);
      57              : }
      58              : 
      59              : /* assume n > 1 and m > 1 */
      60              : static long
      61     27948527 : ZM_max_lg_i(GEN x, long n, long m)
      62              : {
      63     27948527 :   long j, l = ZV_max_lg_i(gel(x,1), m);
      64    114751763 :   for (j = 2; j < n; j++) l = maxss(l, ZV_max_lg_i(gel(x,j), m));
      65     27948764 :   return l;
      66              : }
      67              : long
      68        23338 : ZM_max_lg(GEN x)
      69              : {
      70        23338 :   long n = lg(x), m;
      71        23338 :   if (n == 1) return 2;
      72        23338 :   m = lgcols(x); return m == 1? 2: ZM_max_lg_i(x, n, m);
      73              : }
      74              : 
      75              : /* assume m > 1 */
      76              : static long
      77            0 : ZV_max_expi_i(GEN x, long m)
      78              : {
      79            0 :   long i, prec = expi(gel(x,1));
      80            0 :   for (i = 2; i < m; i++) prec = maxss(prec, expi(gel(x,i)));
      81            0 :   return prec;
      82              : }
      83              : long
      84            0 : ZV_max_expi(GEN x)
      85              : {
      86            0 :   long m = lg(x);
      87            0 :   return m == 1? 2: ZV_max_expi_i(x, m);
      88              : }
      89              : 
      90              : /* assume n > 1 and m > 1 */
      91              : static long
      92            0 : ZM_max_expi_i(GEN x, long n, long m)
      93              : {
      94            0 :   long j, prec = ZV_max_expi_i(gel(x,1), m);
      95            0 :   for (j = 2; j < n; j++) prec = maxss(prec, ZV_max_expi_i(gel(x,j), m));
      96            0 :   return prec;
      97              : }
      98              : long
      99            0 : ZM_max_expi(GEN x)
     100              : {
     101            0 :   long n = lg(x), m;
     102            0 :   if (n == 1) return 2;
     103            0 :   m = lgcols(x); return m == 1? 2: ZM_max_expi_i(x, n, m);
     104              : }
     105              : 
     106              : GEN
     107         4260 : ZM_supnorm(GEN x)
     108              : {
     109         4260 :   long i, j, h, lx = lg(x);
     110         4260 :   GEN s = gen_0;
     111         4260 :   if (lx == 1) return gen_1;
     112         4260 :   h = lgcols(x);
     113        26221 :   for (j=1; j<lx; j++)
     114              :   {
     115        21961 :     GEN xj = gel(x,j);
     116       295088 :     for (i=1; i<h; i++)
     117              :     {
     118       273127 :       GEN c = gel(xj,i);
     119       273127 :       if (abscmpii(c, s) > 0) s = c;
     120              :     }
     121              :   }
     122         4260 :   return absi(s);
     123              : }
     124              : 
     125              : /********************************************************************/
     126              : /**                                                                **/
     127              : /**                           MULTIPLICATION                       **/
     128              : /**                                                                **/
     129              : /********************************************************************/
     130              : /* x nonempty ZM, y a compatible nc (dimension > 0). */
     131              : static GEN
     132            0 : ZM_nc_mul_i(GEN x, GEN y, long c, long l)
     133              : {
     134              :   long i, j;
     135              :   pari_sp av;
     136            0 :   GEN z = cgetg(l,t_COL), s;
     137              : 
     138            0 :   for (i=1; i<l; i++)
     139              :   {
     140            0 :     av = avma; s = muliu(gcoeff(x,i,1),y[1]);
     141            0 :     for (j=2; j<c; j++)
     142            0 :       if (y[j]) s = addii(s, muliu(gcoeff(x,i,j),y[j]));
     143            0 :     gel(z,i) = gc_INT(av,s);
     144              :   }
     145            0 :   return z;
     146              : }
     147              : 
     148              : /* x ZV, y a compatible zc. */
     149              : GEN
     150      2229556 : ZV_zc_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     151              : {
     152      2229556 :   long j, l = lg(x);
     153      2229556 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     154      2229556 :   GEN s = mulis(gel(x,1),y[1]);
     155     50293138 :   for (j=2; j<l; j++)
     156     48063582 :     if (y[j]) s = addii(s, mulis(gel(x,j),y[j]));
     157      2229556 :   return gc_INT(av,s);
     158              : }
     159              : 
     160              : /* x nonempty ZM, y a compatible zc (dimension > 0). */
     161              : static GEN
     162     20114051 : ZM_zc_mul_i(GEN x, GEN y, long c, long l)
     163              : {
     164              :   long i, j;
     165     20114051 :   GEN z = cgetg(l,t_COL);
     166              : 
     167    124642467 :   for (i=1; i<l; i++)
     168              :   {
     169    104529412 :     pari_sp av = avma;
     170    104529412 :     GEN s = mulis(gcoeff(x,i,1),y[1]);
     171   1182184504 :     for (j=2; j<c; j++)
     172   1077646719 :       if (y[j]) s = addii(s, mulis(gcoeff(x,i,j),y[j]));
     173    104537785 :     gel(z,i) = gc_INT(av,s);
     174              :   }
     175     20113055 :   return z;
     176              : }
     177              : GEN
     178     17962292 : ZM_zc_mul(GEN x, GEN y) {
     179     17962292 :   long l = lg(x);
     180     17962292 :   if (l == 1) return cgetg(1, t_COL);
     181     17962292 :   return ZM_zc_mul_i(x,y, l, lgcols(x));
     182              : }
     183              : 
     184              : /* y nonempty ZM, x a compatible zv (dimension > 0). */
     185              : GEN
     186         2408 : zv_ZM_mul(GEN x, GEN y) {
     187         2408 :   long i,j, lx = lg(x), ly = lg(y);
     188              :   GEN z;
     189         2408 :   if (lx == 1) return zerovec(ly-1);
     190         2408 :   z = cgetg(ly,t_VEC);
     191         6734 :   for (j=1; j<ly; j++)
     192              :   {
     193         4326 :     pari_sp av = avma;
     194         4326 :     GEN s = mulsi(x[1], gcoeff(y,1,j));
     195        10038 :     for (i=2; i<lx; i++)
     196         5712 :       if (x[i]) s = addii(s, mulsi(x[i], gcoeff(y,i,j)));
     197         4326 :     gel(z,j) = gc_INT(av,s);
     198              :   }
     199         2408 :   return z;
     200              : }
     201              : 
     202              : /* x ZM, y a compatible zm (dimension > 0). */
     203              : GEN
     204      1001502 : ZM_zm_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     205              : {
     206      1001502 :   long j, c, l = lg(x), ly = lg(y);
     207      1001502 :   GEN z = cgetg(ly, t_MAT);
     208      1001502 :   if (l == 1) return z;
     209      1001495 :   c = lgcols(x);
     210      3153259 :   for (j = 1; j < ly; j++) gel(z,j) = ZM_zc_mul_i(x, gel(y,j), l,c);
     211      1001493 :   return z;
     212              : }
     213              : /* x ZM, y a compatible zn (dimension > 0). */
     214              : GEN
     215            0 : ZM_nm_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     216              : {
     217            0 :   long j, c, l = lg(x), ly = lg(y);
     218            0 :   GEN z = cgetg(ly, t_MAT);
     219            0 :   if (l == 1) return z;
     220            0 :   c = lgcols(x);
     221            0 :   for (j = 1; j < ly; j++) gel(z,j) = ZM_nc_mul_i(x, gel(y,j), l,c);
     222            0 :   return z;
     223              : }
     224              : 
     225              : /* Strassen-Winograd algorithm */
     226              : 
     227              : /* Return A[ma+1..ma+da, na+1..na+ea] - B[mb+1..mb+db, nb+1..nb+eb]
     228              :  * as an (m x n)-matrix, padding the input with zeroes as necessary. */
     229              : static GEN
     230       617072 : add_slices(long m, long n,
     231              :            GEN A, long ma, long da, long na, long ea,
     232              :            GEN B, long mb, long db, long nb, long eb)
     233              : {
     234       617072 :   long min_d = minss(da, db), min_e = minss(ea, eb), i, j;
     235       617072 :   GEN M = cgetg(n + 1, t_MAT), C;
     236              : 
     237      5195225 :   for (j = 1; j <= min_e; j++) {
     238      4578153 :     gel(M, j) = C = cgetg(m + 1, t_COL);
     239     89600305 :     for (i = 1; i <= min_d; i++)
     240     85022152 :       gel(C, i) = addii(gcoeff(A, ma + i, na + j),
     241     85022152 :                         gcoeff(B, mb + i, nb + j));
     242      4645376 :     for (; i <= da; i++) gel(C, i) = gcoeff(A, ma + i, na + j);
     243      4578153 :     for (; i <= db; i++) gel(C, i) = gcoeff(B, mb + i, nb + j);
     244      4578153 :     for (; i <= m; i++)  gel(C, i) = gen_0;
     245              :   }
     246       678467 :   for (; j <= ea; j++) {
     247        61395 :     gel(M, j) = C = cgetg(m + 1, t_COL);
     248       227639 :     for (i = 1; i <= da; i++) gel(C, i) = gcoeff(A, ma + i, na + j);
     249        61395 :     for (; i <= m; i++) gel(C, i) = gen_0;
     250              :   }
     251       617072 :   for (; j <= eb; j++) {
     252            0 :     gel(M, j) = C = cgetg(m + 1, t_COL);
     253            0 :     for (i = 1; i <= db; i++) gel(C, i) = gcoeff(B, mb + i, nb + j);
     254            0 :     for (; i <= m; i++) gel(C, i) = gen_0;
     255              :   }
     256       617072 :   for (; j <= n; j++) gel(M, j) = zerocol(m);
     257       617072 :   return M;
     258              : }
     259              : 
     260              : /* Return A[ma+1..ma+da, na+1..na+ea] - B[mb+1..mb+db, nb+1..nb+eb]
     261              :  * as an (m x n)-matrix, padding the input with zeroes as necessary. */
     262              : static GEN
     263       539938 : subtract_slices(long m, long n,
     264              :                 GEN A, long ma, long da, long na, long ea,
     265              :                 GEN B, long mb, long db, long nb, long eb)
     266              : {
     267       539938 :   long min_d = minss(da, db), min_e = minss(ea, eb), i, j;
     268       539938 :   GEN M = cgetg(n + 1, t_MAT), C;
     269              : 
     270      4563530 :   for (j = 1; j <= min_e; j++) {
     271      4023592 :     gel(M, j) = C = cgetg(m + 1, t_COL);
     272     80069022 :     for (i = 1; i <= min_d; i++)
     273     76045430 :       gel(C, i) = subii(gcoeff(A, ma + i, na + j),
     274     76045430 :                         gcoeff(B, mb + i, nb + j));
     275      4082765 :     for (; i <= da; i++) gel(C, i) = gcoeff(A, ma + i, na + j);
     276      4112702 :     for (; i <= db; i++) gel(C, i) = negi(gcoeff(B, mb + i, nb + j));
     277      4023592 :     for (; i <= m; i++) gel(C, i) = gen_0;
     278              :   }
     279       539938 :   for (; j <= ea; j++) {
     280            0 :     gel(M, j) = C = cgetg(m + 1, t_COL);
     281            0 :     for (i = 1; i <= da; i++) gel(C, i) = gcoeff(A, ma + i, na + j);
     282            0 :     for (; i <= m; i++) gel(C, i) = gen_0;
     283              :   }
     284       575739 :   for (; j <= eb; j++) {
     285        35801 :     gel(M, j) = C = cgetg(m + 1, t_COL);
     286       130300 :     for (i = 1; i <= db; i++) gel(C, i) = negi(gcoeff(B, mb + i, nb + j));
     287        35801 :     for (; i <= m; i++) gel(C, i) = gen_0;
     288              :   }
     289       575739 :   for (; j <= n; j++) gel(M, j) = zerocol(m);
     290       539938 :   return M;
     291              : }
     292              : 
     293              : static GEN ZM_mul_i(GEN x, GEN y, long l, long lx, long ly);
     294              : 
     295              : /* Strassen-Winograd matrix product A (m x n) * B (n x p) */
     296              : static GEN
     297        77134 : ZM_mul_sw(GEN A, GEN B, long m, long n, long p)
     298              : {
     299        77134 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     300        77134 :   long m1 = (m + 1)/2, m2 = m/2,
     301        77134 :     n1 = (n + 1)/2, n2 = n/2,
     302        77134 :     p1 = (p + 1)/2, p2 = p/2;
     303              :   GEN A11, A12, A22, B11, B21, B22,
     304              :     S1, S2, S3, S4, T1, T2, T3, T4,
     305              :     M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7,
     306              :     V1, V2, V3, C11, C12, C21, C22, C;
     307              : 
     308        77134 :   T2 = subtract_slices(n1, p2, B, 0, n1, p1, p2, B, n1, n2, p1, p2);
     309        77134 :   S1 = subtract_slices(m2, n1, A, m1, m2, 0, n1, A, 0, m2, 0, n1);
     310        77134 :   M2 = ZM_mul_i(S1, T2, m2 + 1, n1 + 1, p2 + 1);
     311        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     312            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 2, &T2, &M2);  /* destroy S1 */
     313        77134 :   T3 = subtract_slices(n1, p1, T2, 0, n1, 0, p2, B, 0, n1, 0, p1);
     314        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     315            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 2, &M2, &T3);  /* destroy T2 */
     316        77134 :   S2 = add_slices(m2, n1, A, m1, m2, 0, n1, A, m1, m2, n1, n2);
     317        77134 :   T1 = subtract_slices(n1, p1, B, 0, n1, p1, p2, B, 0, n1, 0, p2);
     318        77134 :   M3 = ZM_mul_i(S2, T1, m2 + 1, n1 + 1, p2 + 1);
     319        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     320            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 4, &M2, &T3, &S2, &M3);  /* destroy T1 */
     321        77134 :   S3 = subtract_slices(m1, n1, S2, 0, m2, 0, n1, A, 0, m1, 0, n1);
     322        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     323            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 4, &M2, &T3, &M3, &S3);  /* destroy S2 */
     324        77134 :   A11 = matslice(A, 1, m1, 1, n1);
     325        77134 :   B11 = matslice(B, 1, n1, 1, p1);
     326        77134 :   M1 = ZM_mul_i(A11, B11, m1 + 1, n1 + 1, p1 + 1);
     327        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     328            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 5, &M2, &T3, &M3, &S3, &M1);  /* destroy A11, B11 */
     329        77134 :   A12 = matslice(A, 1, m1, n1 + 1, n);
     330        77134 :   B21 = matslice(B, n1 + 1, n, 1, p1);
     331        77134 :   M4 = ZM_mul_i(A12, B21, m1 + 1, n2 + 1, p1 + 1);
     332        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     333            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 6, &M2, &T3, &M3, &S3, &M1, &M4);  /* destroy A12, B21 */
     334        77134 :   C11 = add_slices(m1, p1, M1, 0, m1, 0, p1, M4, 0, m1, 0, p1);
     335        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     336            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 6, &M2, &T3, &M3, &S3, &M1, &C11);  /* destroy M4 */
     337        77134 :   M5 = ZM_mul_i(S3, T3, m1 + 1, n1 + 1, p1 + 1);
     338        77134 :   S4 = subtract_slices(m1, n2, A, 0, m1, n1, n2, S3, 0, m1, 0, n2);
     339        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     340            5 :     (void)gc_all(av, 7, &M2, &T3, &M3, &M1, &C11, &M5, &S4);  /* destroy S3 */
     341        77134 :   T4 = add_slices(n2, p1, B, n1, n2, 0, p1, T3, 0, n2, 0, p1);
     342        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     343            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 7, &M2, &M3, &M1, &C11, &M5, &S4, &T4);  /* destroy T3 */
     344        77134 :   V1 = subtract_slices(m1, p1, M1, 0, m1, 0, p1, M5, 0, m1, 0, p1);
     345        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     346            1 :     (void)gc_all(av, 6, &M2, &M3, &S4, &T4, &C11, &V1);  /* destroy M1, M5 */
     347        77134 :   B22 = matslice(B, n1 + 1, n, p1 + 1, p);
     348        77134 :   M6 = ZM_mul_i(S4, B22, m1 + 1, n2 + 1, p2 + 1);
     349        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     350            6 :     (void)gc_all(av, 6, &M2, &M3, &T4, &C11, &V1, &M6);  /* destroy S4, B22 */
     351        77134 :   A22 = matslice(A, m1 + 1, m, n1 + 1, n);
     352        77134 :   M7 = ZM_mul_i(A22, T4, m2 + 1, n2 + 1, p1 + 1);
     353        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     354            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 6, &M2, &M3, &C11, &V1, &M6, &M7);  /* destroy A22, T4 */
     355        77134 :   V3 = add_slices(m1, p2, V1, 0, m1, 0, p2, M3, 0, m2, 0, p2);
     356        77134 :   C12 = add_slices(m1, p2, V3, 0, m1, 0, p2, M6, 0, m1, 0, p2);
     357        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     358            6 :     (void)gc_all(av, 6, &M2, &M3, &C11, &V1, &M7, &C12);  /* destroy V3, M6 */
     359        77134 :   V2 = add_slices(m2, p1, V1, 0, m2, 0, p1, M2, 0, m2, 0, p2);
     360        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     361            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 5, &M3, &C11, &M7, &C12, &V2);  /* destroy V1, M2 */
     362        77134 :   C21 = add_slices(m2, p1, V2, 0, m2, 0, p1, M7, 0, m2, 0, p1);
     363        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     364            6 :     (void)gc_all(av, 5, &M3, &C11, &C12, &V2, &C21);  /* destroy M7 */
     365        77134 :   C22 = add_slices(m2, p2, V2, 0, m2, 0, p2, M3, 0, m2, 0, p2);
     366        77134 :   if (gc_needed(av, 1))
     367            0 :     (void)gc_all(av, 4, &C11, &C12, &C21, &C22);  /* destroy V2, M3 */
     368        77134 :   C = shallowconcat(vconcat(C11, C21), vconcat(C12, C22));
     369        77134 :   return gc_GEN(av, C);
     370              : }
     371              : 
     372              : /* x[i,]*y. Assume lg(x) > 1 and 0 < i < lgcols(x) */
     373              : static GEN
     374    608438573 : ZMrow_ZC_mul_i(GEN x, GEN y, long i, long lx)
     375              : {
     376    608438573 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     377    608438573 :   GEN c = mulii(gcoeff(x,i,1), gel(y,1)), ZERO = gen_0;
     378              :   long k;
     379   7046542799 :   for (k = 2; k < lx; k++)
     380              :   {
     381   6438724971 :     GEN t = mulii(gcoeff(x,i,k), gel(y,k));
     382   6435595771 :     if (t != ZERO) c = addii(c, t);
     383              :   }
     384    607817828 :   return gc_INT(av, c);
     385              : }
     386              : GEN
     387    137927194 : ZMrow_ZC_mul(GEN x, GEN y, long i)
     388    137927194 : { return ZMrow_ZC_mul_i(x, y, i, lg(x)); }
     389              : 
     390              : /* return x * y, 1 < lx = lg(x), l = lgcols(x) */
     391              : static GEN
     392     79161350 : ZM_ZC_mul_i(GEN x, GEN y, long lx, long l)
     393              : {
     394     79161350 :   GEN z = cgetg(l,t_COL);
     395              :   long i;
     396    549680699 :   for (i=1; i<l; i++) gel(z,i) = ZMrow_ZC_mul_i(x,y,i,lx);
     397     79113267 :   return z;
     398              : }
     399              : 
     400              : static GEN
     401     13897092 : ZM_mul_classical(GEN x, GEN y, long l, long lx, long ly)
     402              : {
     403              :   long j;
     404     13897092 :   GEN z = cgetg(ly, t_MAT);
     405     67338479 :   for (j = 1; j < ly; j++)
     406     53444523 :     gel(z, j) = ZM_ZC_mul_i(x, gel(y, j), lx, l);
     407     13893956 :   return z;
     408              : }
     409              : 
     410              : static GEN
     411         1104 : ZM_mul_slice(GEN A, GEN B, GEN P, GEN *mod)
     412              : {
     413         1104 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     414         1104 :   long i, n = lg(P)-1;
     415              :   GEN H, T;
     416         1104 :   if (n == 1)
     417              :   {
     418            0 :     ulong p = uel(P,1);
     419            0 :     GEN a = ZM_to_Flm(A, p);
     420            0 :     GEN b = ZM_to_Flm(B, p);
     421            0 :     GEN Hp = gc_upto(av, Flm_to_ZM(Flm_mul(a, b, p)));
     422            0 :     *mod = utoi(p); return Hp;
     423              :   }
     424         1104 :   T = ZV_producttree(P);
     425         1105 :   A = ZM_nv_mod_tree(A, P, T);
     426         1105 :   B = ZM_nv_mod_tree(B, P, T);
     427         1105 :   H = cgetg(n+1, t_VEC);
     428         7878 :   for(i=1; i <= n; i++)
     429         6773 :     gel(H,i) = Flm_mul(gel(A,i),gel(B,i),P[i]);
     430         1105 :   H = nmV_chinese_center_tree_seq(H, P, T, ZV_chinesetree(P, T));
     431         1105 :   *mod = gmael(T, lg(T)-1, 1); return gc_all(av, 2, &H, mod);
     432              : }
     433              : 
     434              : GEN
     435         1105 : ZM_mul_worker(GEN P, GEN A, GEN B)
     436              : {
     437         1105 :   GEN V = cgetg(3, t_VEC);
     438         1104 :   gel(V,1) = ZM_mul_slice(A, B, P, &gel(V,2));
     439         1105 :   return V;
     440              : }
     441              : 
     442              : static GEN
     443          839 : ZM_mul_fast(GEN A, GEN B, long lA, long lB, long sA, long sB)
     444              : {
     445          839 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     446              :   forprime_t S;
     447              :   GEN H, worker;
     448              :   long h;
     449          839 :   if (sA == 2 || sB == 2) return zeromat(nbrows(A),lB-1);
     450          827 :   h = 1 + (sA + sB - 4) * BITS_IN_LONG + expu(lA-1);
     451          827 :   init_modular_big(&S);
     452          827 :   worker = snm_closure(is_entry("_ZM_mul_worker"), mkvec2(A,B));
     453          827 :   H = gen_crt("ZM_mul", worker, &S, NULL, h, 0, NULL,
     454              :               nmV_chinese_center, FpM_center);
     455          827 :   return gc_upto(av, H);
     456              : }
     457              : 
     458              : /* s = min(log_BIL |x|, log_BIL |y|), use Strassen-Winograd when
     459              :  * min(dims) > B */
     460              : static long
     461     13974247 : sw_bound(long s)
     462     13974247 : { return s > 60 ? 2: s > 25 ? 4: s > 15 ? 8 : s > 8 ? 16 : 32; }
     463              : 
     464              : /* assume lx > 1 and ly > 1; x is (l-1) x (lx-1), y is (lx-1) x (ly-1).
     465              :  * Return x * y */
     466              : static GEN
     467     21529696 : ZM_mul_i(GEN x, GEN y, long l, long lx, long ly)
     468              : {
     469              :   long sx, sy, B;
     470              : #ifdef LONG_IS_64BIT /* From Flm_mul_i */
     471     18282171 :   long Flm_sw_bound = 70;
     472              : #else
     473      3247525 :   long Flm_sw_bound = 120;
     474              : #endif
     475     21529696 :   if (l == 1) return zeromat(0, ly-1);
     476     21527796 :   if (lx==2 && l==2 && ly==2)
     477       374592 :   { retmkmat(mkcol(mulii(gcoeff(x,1,1), gcoeff(y,1,1)))); }
     478     21153204 :   if (lx==3 && l==3 && ly==3) return ZM2_mul(x, y);
     479     13949822 :   sx = ZM_max_lg_i(x, lx, l);
     480     13950604 :   sy = ZM_max_lg_i(y, ly, lx);
     481              :   /* Use modular reconstruction if Flm_mul would use Strassen and the input
     482              :    * sizes look balanced */
     483     13950659 :   if (lx > Flm_sw_bound && ly > Flm_sw_bound && l > Flm_sw_bound
     484          851 :       && sx <= 10 * sy && sy <= 10 * sx) return ZM_mul_fast(x,y, lx,ly, sx,sy);
     485              : 
     486     13949820 :   B = sw_bound(minss(sx, sy));
     487     13949802 :   if (l <= B || lx <= B || ly <= B)
     488     13872698 :     return ZM_mul_classical(x, y, l, lx, ly);
     489              :   else
     490        77104 :     return ZM_mul_sw(x, y, l - 1, lx - 1, ly - 1);
     491              : }
     492              : 
     493              : GEN
     494     21127359 : ZM_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     495              : {
     496     21127359 :   long lx = lg(x), ly = lg(y);
     497     21127359 :   if (ly == 1) return cgetg(1,t_MAT);
     498     20991314 :   if (lx == 1) return zeromat(0, ly-1);
     499     20989711 :   return ZM_mul_i(x, y, lgcols(x), lx, ly);
     500              : }
     501              : 
     502              : static GEN
     503            0 : ZM_sqr_slice(GEN A, GEN P, GEN *mod)
     504              : {
     505            0 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     506            0 :   long i, n = lg(P)-1;
     507              :   GEN H, T;
     508            0 :   if (n == 1)
     509              :   {
     510            0 :     ulong p = uel(P,1);
     511            0 :     GEN a = ZM_to_Flm(A, p);
     512            0 :     GEN Hp = gc_upto(av, Flm_to_ZM(Flm_sqr(a, p)));
     513            0 :     *mod = utoi(p); return Hp;
     514              :   }
     515            0 :   T = ZV_producttree(P);
     516            0 :   A = ZM_nv_mod_tree(A, P, T);
     517            0 :   H = cgetg(n+1, t_VEC);
     518            0 :   for(i=1; i <= n; i++)
     519            0 :     gel(H,i) = Flm_sqr(gel(A,i), P[i]);
     520            0 :   H = nmV_chinese_center_tree_seq(H, P, T, ZV_chinesetree(P, T));
     521            0 :   *mod = gmael(T, lg(T)-1, 1); return gc_all(av, 2, &H, mod);
     522              : }
     523              : 
     524              : GEN
     525            0 : ZM_sqr_worker(GEN P, GEN A)
     526              : {
     527            0 :   GEN V = cgetg(3, t_VEC);
     528            0 :   gel(V,1) = ZM_sqr_slice(A, P, &gel(V,2));
     529            0 :   return V;
     530              : }
     531              : 
     532              : static GEN
     533            0 : ZM_sqr_fast(GEN A, long l, long s)
     534              : {
     535            0 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     536              :   forprime_t S;
     537              :   GEN H, worker;
     538              :   long h;
     539            0 :   if (s == 2) return zeromat(l-1,l-1);
     540            0 :   h = 1 + (2*s - 4) * BITS_IN_LONG + expu(l-1);
     541            0 :   init_modular_big(&S);
     542            0 :   worker = snm_closure(is_entry("_ZM_sqr_worker"), mkvec(A));
     543            0 :   H = gen_crt("ZM_sqr", worker, &S, NULL, h, 0, NULL,
     544              :               nmV_chinese_center, FpM_center);
     545            0 :   return gc_upto(av, H);
     546              : }
     547              : 
     548              : GEN
     549       559155 : QM_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     550              : {
     551       559155 :   GEN dx, nx = Q_primitive_part(x, &dx);
     552       559155 :   GEN dy, ny = Q_primitive_part(y, &dy);
     553       559155 :   GEN z = ZM_mul(nx, ny);
     554       559155 :   if (dx || dy)
     555              :   {
     556       475040 :     GEN d = dx ? dy ? gmul(dx, dy): dx : dy;
     557       475040 :     if (!gequal1(d)) z = ZM_Q_mul(z, d);
     558              :   }
     559       559155 :   return z;
     560              : }
     561              : 
     562              : GEN
     563          700 : QM_sqr(GEN x)
     564              : {
     565          700 :   GEN dx, nx = Q_primitive_part(x, &dx);
     566          700 :   GEN z = ZM_sqr(nx);
     567          700 :   if (dx)
     568          700 :     z = ZM_Q_mul(z, gsqr(dx));
     569          700 :   return z;
     570              : }
     571              : 
     572              : GEN
     573       127091 : QM_QC_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     574              : {
     575       127091 :   GEN dx, nx = Q_primitive_part(x, &dx);
     576       127091 :   GEN dy, ny = Q_primitive_part(y, &dy);
     577       127091 :   GEN z = ZM_ZC_mul(nx, ny);
     578       127091 :   if (dx || dy)
     579              :   {
     580       127070 :     GEN d = dx ? dy ? gmul(dx, dy): dx : dy;
     581       127070 :     if (!gequal1(d)) z = ZC_Q_mul(z, d);
     582              :   }
     583       127091 :   return z;
     584              : }
     585              : 
     586              : /* assume result is symmetric */
     587              : GEN
     588            0 : ZM_multosym(GEN x, GEN y)
     589              : {
     590            0 :   long j, lx, ly = lg(y);
     591              :   GEN M;
     592            0 :   if (ly == 1) return cgetg(1,t_MAT);
     593            0 :   lx = lg(x); /* = lgcols(y) */
     594            0 :   if (lx == 1) return cgetg(1,t_MAT);
     595              :   /* ly = lgcols(x) */
     596            0 :   M = cgetg(ly, t_MAT);
     597            0 :   for (j=1; j<ly; j++)
     598              :   {
     599            0 :     GEN z = cgetg(ly,t_COL), yj = gel(y,j);
     600              :     long i;
     601            0 :     for (i=1; i<j; i++) gel(z,i) = gcoeff(M,j,i);
     602            0 :     for (i=j; i<ly; i++)gel(z,i) = ZMrow_ZC_mul_i(x,yj,i,lx);
     603            0 :     gel(M,j) = z;
     604              :   }
     605            0 :   return M;
     606              : }
     607              : 
     608              : /* compute m*diagonal(d), assume lg(d) = lg(m). Shallow */
     609              : GEN
     610           21 : ZM_mul_diag(GEN m, GEN d)
     611              : {
     612              :   long j, l;
     613           21 :   GEN y = cgetg_copy(m, &l);
     614           77 :   for (j=1; j<l; j++)
     615              :   {
     616           56 :     GEN c = gel(d,j);
     617           56 :     gel(y,j) = equali1(c)? gel(m,j): ZC_Z_mul(gel(m,j), c);
     618              :   }
     619           21 :   return y;
     620              : }
     621              : /* compute diagonal(d)*m, assume lg(d) = lg(m~). Shallow */
     622              : GEN
     623       593110 : ZM_diag_mul(GEN d, GEN m)
     624              : {
     625       593110 :   long i, j, l = lg(d), lm = lg(m);
     626       593110 :   GEN y = cgetg(lm, t_MAT);
     627      1704377 :   for (j=1; j<lm; j++) gel(y,j) = cgetg(l, t_COL);
     628      1849796 :   for (i=1; i<l; i++)
     629              :   {
     630      1256951 :     GEN c = gel(d,i);
     631      1256951 :     if (equali1(c))
     632       274674 :       for (j=1; j<lm; j++) gcoeff(y,i,j) = gcoeff(m,i,j);
     633              :     else
     634      3962758 :       for (j=1; j<lm; j++) gcoeff(y,i,j) = mulii(gcoeff(m,i,j), c);
     635              :   }
     636       592845 :   return y;
     637              : }
     638              : 
     639              : /* assume lx > 1 is lg(x) = lg(y) */
     640              : static GEN
     641     19527430 : ZV_dotproduct_i(GEN x, GEN y, long lx)
     642              : {
     643     19527430 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     644     19527430 :   GEN c = mulii(gel(x,1), gel(y,1));
     645              :   long i;
     646    148294194 :   for (i = 2; i < lx; i++)
     647              :   {
     648    128768120 :     GEN t = mulii(gel(x,i), gel(y,i));
     649    128767934 :     if (t != gen_0) c = addii(c, t);
     650              :   }
     651     19526074 :   return gc_INT(av, c);
     652              : }
     653              : 
     654              : /* x~ * y, assuming result is symmetric */
     655              : GEN
     656       532221 : ZM_transmultosym(GEN x, GEN y)
     657              : {
     658       532221 :   long i, j, l, ly = lg(y);
     659              :   GEN M;
     660       532221 :   if (ly == 1) return cgetg(1,t_MAT);
     661              :   /* lg(x) = ly */
     662       532221 :   l = lgcols(y); /* = lgcols(x) */
     663       532221 :   M = cgetg(ly, t_MAT);
     664      2708730 :   for (i=1; i<ly; i++)
     665              :   {
     666      2176509 :     GEN xi = gel(x,i), c = cgetg(ly,t_COL);
     667      2176509 :     gel(M,i) = c;
     668      7109000 :     for (j=1; j<i; j++)
     669      4932491 :       gcoeff(M,i,j) = gel(c,j) = ZV_dotproduct_i(xi,gel(y,j),l);
     670      2176509 :     gel(c,i) = ZV_dotproduct_i(xi,gel(y,i),l);
     671              :   }
     672       532221 :   return M;
     673              : }
     674              : /* x~ * y */
     675              : GEN
     676         2289 : ZM_transmul(GEN x, GEN y)
     677              : {
     678         2289 :   long i, j, l, lx, ly = lg(y);
     679              :   GEN M;
     680         2289 :   if (ly == 1) return cgetg(1,t_MAT);
     681         2289 :   lx = lg(x);
     682         2289 :   l = lgcols(y);
     683         2289 :   if (lgcols(x) != l) pari_err_OP("operation 'ZM_transmul'", x,y);
     684         2289 :   M = cgetg(ly, t_MAT);
     685         6993 :   for (i=1; i<ly; i++)
     686              :   {
     687         4704 :     GEN yi = gel(y,i), c = cgetg(lx,t_COL);
     688         4704 :     gel(M,i) = c;
     689        12229 :     for (j=1; j<lx; j++) gel(c,j) = ZV_dotproduct_i(yi,gel(x,j),l);
     690              :   }
     691         2289 :   return M;
     692              : }
     693              : 
     694              : /* assume l > 1; x is (l-1) x (l-1), return x^2.
     695              :  * FIXME: we ultimately rely on Strassen-Winograd which uses 7M + 15A.
     696              :  * Should use Bodrato's variant of Winograd, using 3M + 4S + 11A */
     697              : static GEN
     698        25221 : ZM_sqr_i(GEN x, long l)
     699              : {
     700              :   long s;
     701        25221 :   if (l == 2) { retmkmat(mkcol(sqri(gcoeff(x,1,1)))); }
     702        25221 :   if (l == 3) return ZM2_sqr(x);
     703        24444 :   s = ZM_max_lg_i(x, l, l);
     704        24444 :   if (l > 70) return ZM_sqr_fast(x, l, s);
     705        24444 :   if (l <= sw_bound(s))
     706        24414 :     return ZM_mul_classical(x, x, l, l, l);
     707              :   else
     708           30 :     return ZM_mul_sw(x, x, l - 1, l - 1, l - 1);
     709              : }
     710              : 
     711              : GEN
     712        25221 : ZM_sqr(GEN x)
     713              : {
     714        25221 :   long lx=lg(x);
     715        25221 :   if (lx==1) return cgetg(1,t_MAT);
     716        25221 :   return ZM_sqr_i(x, lx);
     717              : }
     718              : GEN
     719     25809436 : ZM_ZC_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     720              : {
     721     25809436 :   long lx = lg(x);
     722     25809436 :   return lx==1? cgetg(1,t_COL): ZM_ZC_mul_i(x, y, lx, lgcols(x));
     723              : }
     724              : 
     725              : GEN
     726      3676457 : ZC_Z_div(GEN x, GEN c)
     727     17415819 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, Qdivii(gel(x,i), c)) }
     728              : 
     729              : GEN
     730        19308 : ZM_Z_div(GEN x, GEN c)
     731       221027 : { pari_APPLY_same(ZC_Z_div(gel(x, i), c)) }
     732              : 
     733              : GEN
     734      2803595 : ZC_Q_mul(GEN A, GEN z)
     735              : {
     736      2803595 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     737      2803595 :   long i, l = lg(A);
     738              :   GEN d, n, Ad, B, u;
     739      2803595 :   if (typ(z)==t_INT) return ZC_Z_mul(A,z);
     740      2799206 :   n = gel(z, 1); d = gel(z, 2);
     741      2799206 :   Ad = FpC_red(A, d);
     742      2799162 :   u = gcdii(d, FpV_factorback(Ad, NULL, d));
     743      2799148 :   B = cgetg(l, t_COL);
     744      2799142 :   if (equali1(u))
     745              :   {
     746       422205 :     for(i=1; i<l; i++)
     747       355685 :       gel(B, i) = mkfrac(mulii(n, gel(A,i)), d);
     748              :   } else
     749              :   {
     750     19051676 :     for(i=1; i<l; i++)
     751              :     {
     752     16319133 :       GEN di = gcdii(gel(Ad, i), u), ni = mulii(n, diviiexact(gel(A,i), di));
     753     16319060 :       if (equalii(d, di))
     754     11301499 :         gel(B, i) = ni;
     755              :       else
     756      5017534 :         gel(B, i) = mkfrac(ni, diviiexact(d, di));
     757              :     }
     758              :   }
     759      2799063 :   return gc_GEN(av, B);
     760              : }
     761              : 
     762              : GEN
     763      1163873 : ZM_Q_mul(GEN x, GEN z)
     764              : {
     765      1163873 :   if (typ(z)==t_INT) return ZM_Z_mul(x,z);
     766      3374088 :   pari_APPLY_same(ZC_Q_mul(gel(x, i), z));
     767              : }
     768              : 
     769              : long
     770    196399119 : zv_dotproduct(GEN x, GEN y)
     771              : {
     772    196399119 :   long i, lx = lg(x);
     773              :   ulong c;
     774    196399119 :   if (lx == 1) return 0;
     775    196399119 :   c = uel(x,1)*uel(y,1);
     776   3047359154 :   for (i = 2; i < lx; i++)
     777   2850960035 :     c += uel(x,i)*uel(y,i);
     778    196399119 :   return c;
     779              : }
     780              : 
     781              : GEN
     782       231351 : ZV_ZM_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     783              : {
     784       231351 :   long i, lx = lg(x), ly = lg(y);
     785              :   GEN z;
     786       231351 :   if (lx == 1) return zerovec(ly-1);
     787       231232 :   z = cgetg(ly, t_VEC);
     788       883969 :   for (i = 1; i < ly; i++) gel(z,i) = ZV_dotproduct_i(x, gel(y,i), lx);
     789       231232 :   return z;
     790              : }
     791              : 
     792              : GEN
     793            0 : ZC_ZV_mul(GEN x, GEN y)
     794              : {
     795            0 :   long i,j, lx=lg(x), ly=lg(y);
     796              :   GEN z;
     797            0 :   if (ly==1) return cgetg(1,t_MAT);
     798            0 :   z = cgetg(ly,t_MAT);
     799            0 :   for (j=1; j < ly; j++)
     800              :   {
     801            0 :     gel(z,j) = cgetg(lx,t_COL);
     802            0 :     for (i=1; i<lx; i++) gcoeff(z,i,j) = mulii(gel(x,i),gel(y,j));
     803              :   }
     804            0 :   return z;
     805              : }
     806              : 
     807              : GEN
     808      6868098 : ZV_dotsquare(GEN x)
     809              : {
     810              :   long i, lx;
     811              :   pari_sp av;
     812              :   GEN z;
     813      6868098 :   lx = lg(x);
     814      6868098 :   if (lx == 1) return gen_0;
     815      6868098 :   av = avma; z = sqri(gel(x,1));
     816     27030385 :   for (i=2; i<lx; i++) z = addii(z, sqri(gel(x,i)));
     817      6866633 :   return gc_INT(av,z);
     818              : }
     819              : 
     820              : GEN
     821     16703279 : ZV_dotproduct(GEN x,GEN y)
     822              : {
     823              :   long lx;
     824     16703279 :   if (x == y) return ZV_dotsquare(x);
     825     11757387 :   lx = lg(x);
     826     11757387 :   if (lx == 1) return gen_0;
     827     11757387 :   return ZV_dotproduct_i(x, y, lx);
     828              : }
     829              : 
     830              : static GEN
     831          280 : _ZM_mul(void *data /*ignored*/, GEN x, GEN y)
     832          280 : { (void)data; return ZM_mul(x,y); }
     833              : static GEN
     834        24143 : _ZM_sqr(void *data /*ignored*/, GEN x)
     835        24143 : { (void)data; return ZM_sqr(x); }
     836              : /* FIXME: Using Bodrato's squaring, precomputations attached to fixed
     837              :  * multiplicand should be reused. And some postcomputations can be fused */
     838              : GEN
     839            0 : ZM_pow(GEN x, GEN n)
     840              : {
     841            0 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     842            0 :   if (!signe(n)) return matid(lg(x)-1);
     843            0 :   return gc_GEN(av, gen_pow_i(x, n, NULL, &_ZM_sqr, &_ZM_mul));
     844              : }
     845              : GEN
     846        23618 : ZM_powu(GEN x, ulong n)
     847              : {
     848        23618 :   pari_sp av = avma;
     849        23618 :   if (!n) return matid(lg(x)-1);
     850        23618 :   return gc_GEN(av, gen_powu_i(x, n, NULL, &_ZM_sqr, &_ZM_mul));
     851              : }
     852              : 
     853              : GEN
     854            0 : ZMV_prod(GEN v)
     855            0 : { return gen_product(v, NULL, _ZM_mul); }
     856              : 
     857              : /********************************************************************/
     858              : /**                                                                **/
     859              : /**                           ADD, SUB                             **/
     860              : /**                                                                **/
     861              : /********************************************************************/
     862              : static GEN
     863     37830196 : ZC_add_i(GEN x, GEN y, long lx)
     864              : {
     865     37830196 :   GEN A = cgetg(lx, t_COL);
     866              :   long i;
     867    520894390 :   for (i=1; i<lx; i++) gel(A,i) = addii(gel(x,i), gel(y,i));
     868     37790346 :   return A;
     869              : }
     870              : GEN
     871     27797408 : ZC_add(GEN x, GEN y) { return ZC_add_i(x, y, lg(x)); }
     872              : GEN
     873       370262 : ZC_Z_add(GEN x, GEN y)
     874              : {
     875       370262 :   long k, lx = lg(x);
     876       370262 :   GEN z = cgetg(lx, t_COL);
     877       370259 :   if (lx == 1) pari_err_TYPE2("+",x,y);
     878       370259 :   gel(z,1) = addii(y,gel(x,1));
     879      2532806 :   for (k = 2; k < lx; k++) gel(z,k) = icopy(gel(x,k));
     880       370275 :   return z;
     881              : }
     882              : 
     883              : static GEN
     884      9577723 : ZC_sub_i(GEN x, GEN y, long lx)
     885              : {
     886              :   long i;
     887      9577723 :   GEN A = cgetg(lx, t_COL);
     888     66418495 :   for (i=1; i<lx; i++) gel(A,i) = subii(gel(x,i), gel(y,i));
     889      9576876 :   return A;
     890              : }
     891              : GEN
     892      9162022 : ZC_sub(GEN x, GEN y) { return ZC_sub_i(x, y, lg(x)); }
     893              : GEN
     894            0 : ZC_Z_sub(GEN x, GEN y)
     895              : {
     896            0 :   long k, lx = lg(x);
     897            0 :   GEN z = cgetg(lx, t_COL);
     898            0 :   if (lx == 1) pari_err_TYPE2("+",x,y);
     899            0 :   gel(z,1) = subii(gel(x,1), y);
     900            0 :   for (k = 2; k < lx; k++) gel(z,k) = icopy(gel(x,k));
     901            0 :   return z;
     902              : }
     903              : GEN
     904       584190 : Z_ZC_sub(GEN a, GEN x)
     905              : {
     906       584190 :   long k, lx = lg(x);
     907       584190 :   GEN z = cgetg(lx, t_COL);
     908       584193 :   if (lx == 1) pari_err_TYPE2("-",a,x);
     909       584193 :   gel(z,1) = subii(a, gel(x,1));
     910      1595817 :   for (k = 2; k < lx; k++) gel(z,k) = negi(gel(x,k));
     911       584194 :   return z;
     912              : }
     913              : 
     914              : GEN
     915       844856 : ZM_add(GEN x, GEN y)
     916              : {
     917       844856 :   long lx = lg(x), l, j;
     918              :   GEN z;
     919       844856 :   if (lx == 1) return cgetg(1, t_MAT);
     920       804774 :   z = cgetg(lx, t_MAT); l = lgcols(x);
     921     10835683 :   for (j = 1; j < lx; j++) gel(z,j) = ZC_add_i(gel(x,j), gel(y,j), l);
     922       804775 :   return z;
     923              : }
     924              : GEN
     925       181535 : ZM_sub(GEN x, GEN y)
     926              : {
     927       181535 :   long lx = lg(x), l, j;
     928              :   GEN z;
     929       181535 :   if (lx == 1) return cgetg(1, t_MAT);
     930       141453 :   z = cgetg(lx, t_MAT); l = lgcols(x);
     931       557120 :   for (j = 1; j < lx; j++) gel(z,j) = ZC_sub_i(gel(x,j), gel(y,j), l);
     932       141450 :   return z;
     933              : }
     934              : /********************************************************************/
     935              : /**                                                                **/
     936              : /**                         LINEAR COMBINATION                     **/
     937              : /**                                                                **/
     938              : /********************************************************************/
     939              : /* return X/c assuming division is exact */
     940              : GEN
     941      5891520 : ZC_Z_divexact(GEN x, GEN c)
     942     80662872 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, diviiexact(gel(x,i), c)) }
     943              : GEN
     944         2261 : ZC_divexactu(GEN x, ulong c)
     945        11375 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, diviuexact(gel(x,i), c)) }
     946              : 
     947              : GEN
     948       530768 : ZM_Z_divexact(GEN x, GEN c)
     949      4043669 : { pari_APPLY_same(ZC_Z_divexact(gel(x,i), c)) }
     950              : 
     951              : GEN
     952          441 : ZM_divexactu(GEN x, ulong c)
     953         2702 : { pari_APPLY_same(ZC_divexactu(gel(x,i), c)) }
     954              : 
     955              : GEN
     956     36917730 : ZC_Z_mul(GEN x, GEN c)
     957              : {
     958     36917730 :   if (!signe(c)) return zerocol(lg(x)-1);
     959     35383611 :   if (is_pm1(c)) return (signe(c) > 0)? ZC_copy(x): ZC_neg(x);
     960    288192977 :   pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, mulii(gel(x,i), c))
     961              : }
     962              : 
     963              : GEN
     964        64223 : ZC_z_mul(GEN x, long c)
     965              : {
     966        64223 :   if (!c) return zerocol(lg(x)-1);
     967        54295 :   if (c == 1) return ZC_copy(x);
     968        49366 :   if (c ==-1) return ZC_neg(x);
     969       482357 :   pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, mulsi(c, gel(x,i)))
     970              : }
     971              : 
     972              : GEN
     973        28718 : zv_z_mul(GEN x, long n)
     974       436871 : { pari_APPLY_long(x[i]*n) }
     975              : 
     976              : /* return a ZM */
     977              : GEN
     978            0 : nm_Z_mul(GEN X, GEN c)
     979              : {
     980            0 :   long i, j, h, l = lg(X), s = signe(c);
     981              :   GEN A;
     982            0 :   if (l == 1) return cgetg(1, t_MAT);
     983            0 :   h = lgcols(X);
     984            0 :   if (!s) return zeromat(h-1, l-1);
     985            0 :   if (is_pm1(c)) {
     986            0 :     if (s > 0) return Flm_to_ZM(X);
     987            0 :     X = Flm_to_ZM(X); ZM_togglesign(X); return X;
     988              :   }
     989            0 :   A = cgetg(l, t_MAT);
     990            0 :   for (j = 1; j < l; j++)
     991              :   {
     992            0 :     GEN a = cgetg(h, t_COL), x = gel(X, j);
     993            0 :     for (i = 1; i < h; i++) gel(a,i) = muliu(c, x[i]);
     994            0 :     gel(A,j) = a;
     995              :   }
     996            0 :   return A;
     997              : }
     998              : GEN
     999      3383588 : ZM_Z_mul(GEN X, GEN c)
    1000              : {
    1001      3383588 :   long i, j, h, l = lg(X);
    1002              :   GEN A;
    1003      3383588 :   if (l == 1) return cgetg(1, t_MAT);
    1004      3383588 :   h = lgcols(X);
    1005      3383580 :   if (!signe(c)) return zeromat(h-1, l-1);
    1006      3338213 :   if (is_pm1(c)) return (signe(c) > 0)? ZM_copy(X): ZM_neg(X);
    1007      2926708 :   A = cgetg(l, t_MAT);
    1008     15995847 :   for (j = 1; j < l; j++)
    1009              :   {
    1010     13069638 :     GEN a = cgetg(h, t_COL), x = gel(X, j);
    1011    220449126 :     for (i = 1; i < h; i++) gel(a,i) = mulii(c, gel(x,i));
    1012     13069136 :     gel(A,j) = a;
    1013              :   }
    1014      2926209 :   return A;
    1015              : }
    1016              : void
    1017     77141872 : ZC_lincomb1_inplace_i(GEN X, GEN Y, GEN v, long n)
    1018              : {
    1019              :   long i;
    1020   1684861893 :   for (i = n; i; i--) gel(X,i) = addmulii_inplace(gel(X,i), gel(Y,i), v);
    1021     77102772 : }
    1022              : /* X <- X + v Y (elementary col operation) */
    1023              : void
    1024     65966124 : ZC_lincomb1_inplace(GEN X, GEN Y, GEN v)
    1025              : {
    1026     65966124 :   if (lgefint(v) != 2) return ZC_lincomb1_inplace_i(X, Y, v, lg(X)-1);
    1027              : }
    1028              : void
    1029     31169373 : Flc_lincomb1_inplace(GEN X, GEN Y, ulong v, ulong q)
    1030              : {
    1031              :   long i;
    1032     31169373 :   if (!v) return; /* v = 0 */
    1033    802709568 :   for (i = lg(X)-1; i; i--) X[i] = Fl_add(X[i], Fl_mul(Y[i], v, q), q);
    1034              : }
    1035              : 
    1036              : /* X + v Y, wasteful if (v = 0) */
    1037              : static GEN
    1038     16044922 : ZC_lincomb1(GEN v, GEN x, GEN y)
    1039    124223732 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, addmulii(gel(x,i), gel(y,i), v)) }
    1040              : 
    1041              : /* -X + vY */
    1042              : static GEN
    1043       759452 : ZC_lincomb_1(GEN v, GEN x, GEN y)
    1044      4658767 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, mulsubii(gel(y,i), v, gel(x,i))) }
    1045              : 
    1046              : /* X,Y compatible ZV; u,v in Z. Returns A = u*X + v*Y */
    1047              : GEN
    1048     34907397 : ZC_lincomb(GEN u, GEN v, GEN X, GEN Y)
    1049              : {
    1050              :   long su, sv;
    1051              :   GEN A;
    1052              : 
    1053     34907397 :   su = signe(u); if (!su) return ZC_Z_mul(Y, v);
    1054     34905129 :   sv = signe(v); if (!sv) return ZC_Z_mul(X, u);
    1055     34188757 :   if (is_pm1(v))
    1056              :   {
    1057     11559779 :     if (is_pm1(u))
    1058              :     {
    1059     10214364 :       if (su != sv) A = ZC_sub(X, Y);
    1060      2832130 :       else          A = ZC_add(X, Y);
    1061     10213770 :       if (su < 0) ZV_togglesign(A); /* in place but was created above */
    1062              :     }
    1063              :     else
    1064              :     {
    1065      1345450 :       if (sv > 0) A = ZC_lincomb1 (u, Y, X);
    1066       610174 :       else        A = ZC_lincomb_1(u, Y, X);
    1067              :     }
    1068              :   }
    1069     22629946 :   else if (is_pm1(u))
    1070              :   {
    1071     15458447 :     if (su > 0) A = ZC_lincomb1 (v, X, Y);
    1072       148735 :     else        A = ZC_lincomb_1(v, X, Y);
    1073              :   }
    1074              :   else
    1075              :   { /* not cgetg_copy: x may be a t_VEC */
    1076      7175228 :     long i, lx = lg(X);
    1077      7175228 :     A = cgetg(lx,t_COL);
    1078     45516551 :     for (i=1; i<lx; i++) gel(A,i) = lincombii(u,v,gel(X,i),gel(Y,i));
    1079              :   }
    1080     34181285 :   return A;
    1081              : }
    1082              : 
    1083              : /********************************************************************/
    1084              : /**                                                                **/
    1085              : /**                           CONVERSIONS                          **/
    1086              : /**                                                                **/
    1087              : /********************************************************************/
    1088              : GEN
    1089       431583 : ZV_to_nv(GEN x)
    1090       796056 : { pari_APPLY_ulong(itou(gel(x,i))) }
    1091              : 
    1092              : GEN
    1093       183614 : zm_to_ZM(GEN x)
    1094      1030837 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_MAT, zc_to_ZC(gel(x,i))) }
    1095              : 
    1096              : GEN
    1097          126 : zmV_to_ZMV(GEN x)
    1098          791 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_VEC, zm_to_ZM(gel(x,i))) }
    1099              : 
    1100              : /* same as Flm_to_ZM but do not assume positivity */
    1101              : GEN
    1102         1022 : ZM_to_zm(GEN x)
    1103        17472 : { pari_APPLY_same(ZV_to_zv(gel(x,i))) }
    1104              : 
    1105              : GEN
    1106       366646 : zv_to_Flv(GEN x, ulong p)
    1107      5418812 : { pari_APPLY_ulong(umodsu(x[i], p)) }
    1108              : 
    1109              : GEN
    1110        22694 : zm_to_Flm(GEN x, ulong p)
    1111       351750 : { pari_APPLY_same(zv_to_Flv(gel(x,i),p)) }
    1112              : 
    1113              : GEN
    1114           49 : ZMV_to_zmV(GEN x)
    1115          399 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_VEC, ZM_to_zm(gel(x,i))) }
    1116              : 
    1117              : /********************************************************************/
    1118              : /**                                                                **/
    1119              : /**                         COPY, NEGATION                         **/
    1120              : /**                                                                **/
    1121              : /********************************************************************/
    1122              : GEN
    1123     18814692 : ZC_copy(GEN x)
    1124              : {
    1125     18814692 :   long i, lx = lg(x);
    1126     18814692 :   GEN y = cgetg(lx, t_COL);
    1127    141709663 :   for (i=1; i<lx; i++)
    1128              :   {
    1129    122896660 :     GEN c = gel(x,i);
    1130    122896660 :     gel(y,i) = lgefint(c) == 2? gen_0: icopy(c);
    1131              :   }
    1132     18813003 :   return y;
    1133              : }
    1134              : 
    1135              : GEN
    1136       744585 : ZM_copy(GEN x)
    1137      6741446 : { pari_APPLY_same(ZC_copy(gel(x,i))) }
    1138              : 
    1139              : void
    1140       391702 : ZV_neg_inplace(GEN M)
    1141              : {
    1142       391702 :   long l = lg(M);
    1143      1614485 :   while (--l > 0) gel(M,l) = negi(gel(M,l));
    1144       391734 : }
    1145              : GEN
    1146      6373873 : ZC_neg(GEN x)
    1147     36849242 : { pari_APPLY_type(t_COL, negi(gel(x,i))) }
    1148              : 
    1149              : GEN
    1150        51870 : zv_neg(GEN x)
    1151       662736 : { pari_APPLY_long(-x[i]) }
    1152              : GEN
    1153          126 : zv_neg_inplace(GEN M)
    1154              : {
    1155          126 :   long l = lg(M);
    1156          429 :   while (--l > 0) M[l] = -M[l];
    1157          126 :   return M;
    1158              : }
    1159              : GEN
    1160           77 : zv_abs(GEN x)
    1161         5446 : { pari_APPLY_ulong(labs(x[i])) }
    1162              : GEN
    1163      1734769 : ZM_neg(GEN x)
    1164      5197535 : { pari_APPLY_same(ZC_neg(gel(x,i))) }
    1165              : int
    1166     22921521 : zv_canon_inplace(GEN x)
    1167              : {
    1168     22921521 :   long l = lg(x), j, k;
    1169     41338311 :   for (j = 1; j < l && x[j] == 0; ++j);
    1170     22921521 :   if (j < l && x[j] < 0)
    1171              :   {
    1172     52277022 :     for (k = j; k < l; ++k) x[k] = -x[k];
    1173     10255819 :     return -1;
    1174              :   }
    1175     12665702 :   return 1;
    1176              : }
    1177              : 
    1178              : void
    1179      7285830 : ZV_togglesign(GEN M)
    1180              : {
    1181      7285830 :   long l = lg(M);
    1182     97150444 :   while (--l > 0) togglesign_safe(&gel(M,l));
    1183      7286084 : }
    1184              : void
    1185            0 : ZM_togglesign(GEN M)
    1186              : {
    1187            0 :   long l = lg(M);
    1188            0 :   while (--l > 0) ZV_togglesign(gel(M,l));
    1189            0 : }
    1190              : 
    1191              : /********************************************************************/
    1192              : /**                                                                **/
    1193              : /**                        "DIVISION" mod HNF                      **/
    1194              : /**                                                                **/
    1195              : /********************************************************************/
    1196              : /* Reduce ZC x modulo ZM y in HNF */
    1197              : static GEN
    1198     11404251 : ZC_hnfdivrem_i(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q, GEN (*div)(GEN,GEN))
    1199              : {
    1200     11404251 :   long i, l = lg(x);
    1201     11404251 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1202              : 
    1203     11404251 :   if (Q) *Q = cgetg(l,t_COL);
    1204     11404251 :   if (l == 1) return cgetg(1,t_COL);
    1205     64200588 :   for (i = l-1; i>0; i--)
    1206              :   {
    1207     52799446 :     GEN q = div(gel(x,i), gcoeff(y,i,i));
    1208     52798160 :     if (signe(q)) x = ZC_lincomb(gen_1, negi(q), x, gel(y,i));
    1209     52796337 :     if (Q) gel(*Q, i) = q;
    1210              :   }
    1211     11401142 :   if (avma == av) return ZC_copy(x);
    1212      8554272 :   if (!Q) return gc_upto(av, x);
    1213        57886 :   (void)gc_all(av, 2, &x, Q); return x;
    1214              : }
    1215              : GEN
    1216     10698252 : ZC_hnfdivrem(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q)
    1217     10698252 : { return ZC_hnfdivrem_i(x, y, Q, diviiround); }
    1218              : GEN
    1219          280 : ZC_modhnf(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q)
    1220          280 : { return ZC_hnfdivrem_i(x, y, Q, truedivii); }
    1221              : 
    1222              : /* Return R such that x = y Q + R, y integral HNF */
    1223              : static GEN
    1224       529591 : ZM_hnfdivrem_i(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q, GEN (*div)(GEN,GEN))
    1225              : {
    1226              :   long l, i;
    1227       529591 :   GEN R = cgetg_copy(x, &l);
    1228       529623 :   if (Q)
    1229              :   {
    1230       128133 :     GEN q = cgetg(l, t_MAT); *Q = q;
    1231       189013 :     for (i = 1; i < l; i++)
    1232        60878 :       gel(R,i) = ZC_hnfdivrem_i(gel(x,i),y,&gel(q,i),div);
    1233              :   }
    1234              :   else
    1235      1046462 :     for (i = 1; i < l; i++)
    1236       644967 :       gel(R,i) = ZC_hnfdivrem_i(gel(x,i),y,NULL,div);
    1237       529630 :   return R;
    1238              : }
    1239              : GEN
    1240       529574 : ZM_hnfdivrem(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q)
    1241       529574 : { return ZM_hnfdivrem_i(x, y, Q, diviiround); }
    1242              : GEN
    1243           14 : ZM_modhnf(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q)
    1244           14 : { return ZM_hnfdivrem_i(x, y, Q, truedivii); }
    1245              : 
    1246              : static GEN
    1247            7 : ZV_ZV_divrem(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *pQ)
    1248              : {
    1249            7 :   long i, l = lg(x), tx = typ(x);
    1250              :   GEN Q, R;
    1251              : 
    1252            7 :   if (!pQ) return ZV_ZV_mod(x, y);
    1253            0 :   Q = cgetg(l,tx);
    1254            0 :   R = cgetg(l,tx);
    1255            0 :   for (i = 1; i < l; i++) gel(Q,i) = truedvmdii(gel(x,i), gel(y,i), &gel(R,i));
    1256            0 :   *pQ = Q; return R;
    1257              : }
    1258              : static GEN
    1259            0 : ZM_ZV_divrem(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q)
    1260            0 : { if (!Q) return ZM_ZV_mod(x, y);
    1261            0 :   pari_APPLY_same(ZV_ZV_divrem(gel(x,i), y, Q)); }
    1262              : 
    1263              : static int
    1264           42 : RgM_issquare(GEN x) { long l = lg(x); return l == 1 || lg(gel(x,1)) == l; }
    1265              : static void
    1266           98 : matmodhnf_check(GEN x)
    1267              : {
    1268           98 :   switch(typ(x))
    1269              :   {
    1270           42 :     case t_VEC: case t_COL:
    1271           42 :       if (!RgV_is_ZV(x)) pari_err_TYPE("matmodhnf", x);
    1272           42 :       break;
    1273           56 :     case t_MAT:
    1274           56 :       if (!RgM_is_ZM(x)) pari_err_TYPE("matmodhnf", x);
    1275           56 :       break;
    1276            0 :     default: pari_err_TYPE("matmodhnf", x);
    1277              :   }
    1278           98 : }
    1279              : GEN
    1280           49 : matmodhnf(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *Q)
    1281              : {
    1282           49 :   long tx = typ(x), ty = typ(y), ly, lx;
    1283           49 :   matmodhnf_check(x); lx = lg(x);
    1284           49 :   matmodhnf_check(y); ly = lg(y);
    1285           49 :   if (ty == t_MAT && !RgM_issquare(y)) pari_err_TYPE("matmodhnf", y);
    1286           49 :   if (tx == t_MAT && lx == 1)
    1287              :   {
    1288            0 :     if (ly != 1) pari_err_DIM("matmodhnf");
    1289            0 :     if (!Q) *Q = cgetg(1, t_MAT);
    1290            0 :     return cgetg(1, t_MAT);
    1291              :   }
    1292           49 :   if (is_vec_t(ty))
    1293            7 :     return tx == t_MAT? ZM_ZV_divrem(x, y, Q): ZV_ZV_divrem(x, y, Q);
    1294              :   /* ty = t_MAT */
    1295           42 :   if (tx == t_MAT) return ZM_modhnf(x, y, Q);
    1296           28 :   x = ZC_modhnf(x, y, Q);
    1297           28 :   if (tx == t_VEC) { settyp(x, tx); if (Q) settyp(*Q, tx); }
    1298           28 :   return x;
    1299              : }
    1300              : 
    1301              : /********************************************************************/
    1302              : /**                                                                **/
    1303              : /**                               TESTS                            **/
    1304              : /**                                                                **/
    1305              : /********************************************************************/
    1306              : int
    1307     23113615 : zv_equal0(GEN V)
    1308              : {
    1309     23113615 :   long l = lg(V);
    1310     37598979 :   while (--l > 0)
    1311     30822276 :     if (V[l]) return 0;
    1312      6776703 :   return 1;
    1313              : }
    1314              : 
    1315              : int
    1316     14226646 : ZV_equal0(GEN V)
    1317              : {
    1318     14226646 :   long l = lg(V);
    1319     25440261 :   while (--l > 0)
    1320     24990365 :     if (signe(gel(V,l))) return 0;
    1321       449896 :   return 1;
    1322              : }
    1323              : int
    1324        16231 : ZMrow_equal0(GEN V, long i)
    1325              : {
    1326        16231 :   long l = lg(V);
    1327        25183 :   while (--l > 0)
    1328        21679 :     if (signe(gcoeff(V,i,l))) return 0;
    1329         3504 :   return 1;
    1330              : }
    1331              : 
    1332              : static int
    1333      6528157 : ZV_equal_lg(GEN V, GEN W, long l)
    1334              : {
    1335     26967914 :   while (--l > 0)
    1336     20944652 :     if (!equalii(gel(V,l), gel(W,l))) return 0;
    1337      6023262 :   return 1;
    1338              : }
    1339              : int
    1340       293346 : ZV_equal(GEN V, GEN W)
    1341              : {
    1342       293346 :   long l = lg(V);
    1343       293346 :   if (lg(W) != l) return 0;
    1344       293325 :   return ZV_equal_lg(V, W, l);
    1345              : }
    1346              : int
    1347      3503642 : ZM_equal(GEN A, GEN B)
    1348              : {
    1349      3503642 :   long i, m, l = lg(A);
    1350      3503642 :   if (lg(B) != l) return 0;
    1351      3503615 :   if (l == 1) return 1;
    1352      3503615 :   m = lgcols(A);
    1353      3503611 :   if (lgcols(B) != m) return 0;
    1354      9451574 :   for (i = 1; i < l; i++)
    1355      6234824 :     if (!ZV_equal_lg(gel(A,i), gel(B,i), m)) return 0;
    1356      3216750 :   return 1;
    1357              : }
    1358              : int
    1359        32306 : ZM_equal0(GEN A)
    1360              : {
    1361        32306 :   long i, j, m, l = lg(A);
    1362        32306 :   if (l == 1) return 1;
    1363        32306 :   m = lgcols(A);
    1364        88094 :   for (j = 1; j < l; j++)
    1365      2730075 :     for (i = 1; i < m; i++)
    1366      2674287 :       if (signe(gcoeff(A,i,j))) return 0;
    1367        17195 :   return 1;
    1368              : }
    1369              : int
    1370     68047582 : zv_equal(GEN V, GEN W)
    1371              : {
    1372     68047582 :   long l = lg(V);
    1373     68047582 :   if (lg(W) != l) return 0;
    1374    490782069 :   while (--l > 0)
    1375    424036667 :     if (V[l] != W[l]) return 0;
    1376     66745402 :   return 1;
    1377              : }
    1378              : 
    1379              : int
    1380         1638 : zvV_equal(GEN V, GEN W)
    1381              : {
    1382         1638 :   long l = lg(V);
    1383         1638 :   if (lg(W) != l) return 0;
    1384        80388 :   while (--l > 0)
    1385        79912 :     if (!zv_equal(gel(V,l),gel(W,l))) return 0;
    1386          476 :   return 1;
    1387              : }
    1388              : 
    1389              : int
    1390       878748 : ZM_ishnf(GEN x)
    1391              : {
    1392       878748 :   long i,j, lx = lg(x);
    1393      2718524 :   for (i=1; i<lx; i++)
    1394              :   {
    1395      1952647 :     GEN xii = gcoeff(x,i,i);
    1396      1952647 :     if (signe(xii) <= 0) return 0;
    1397      3885804 :     for (j=1; j<i; j++)
    1398      1970670 :       if (signe(gcoeff(x,i,j))) return 0;
    1399      3944408 :     for (j=i+1; j<lx; j++)
    1400              :     {
    1401      2104632 :       GEN xij = gcoeff(x,i,j);
    1402      2104632 :       if (signe(xij)<0 || cmpii(xij,xii)>=0) return 0;
    1403              :     }
    1404              :   }
    1405       765877 :   return 1;
    1406              : }
    1407              : int
    1408       658484 : ZM_isidentity(GEN x)
    1409              : {
    1410       658484 :   long i,j, lx = lg(x);
    1411              : 
    1412       658484 :   if (lx == 1) return 1;
    1413       658477 :   if (lx != lgcols(x)) return 0;
    1414      3222806 :   for (j=1; j<lx; j++)
    1415              :   {
    1416      2564407 :     GEN c = gel(x,j);
    1417      8109213 :     for (i=1; i<j; )
    1418      5544828 :       if (signe(gel(c,i++))) return 0;
    1419              :     /* i = j */
    1420      2564385 :     if (!equali1(gel(c,i++))) return 0;
    1421      8109228 :     for (   ; i<lx; )
    1422      5544864 :       if (signe(gel(c,i++))) return 0;
    1423              :   }
    1424       658399 :   return 1;
    1425              : }
    1426              : int
    1427       677372 : ZM_isdiagonal(GEN x)
    1428              : {
    1429       677372 :   long i,j, lx = lg(x);
    1430       677372 :   if (lx == 1) return 1;
    1431       677372 :   if (lx != lgcols(x)) return 0;
    1432              : 
    1433      1737807 :   for (j=1; j<lx; j++)
    1434              :   {
    1435      1461946 :     GEN c = gel(x,j);
    1436      2028863 :     for (i=1; i<j; i++)
    1437       968387 :       if (signe(gel(c,i))) return 0;
    1438      2450932 :     for (i++; i<lx; i++)
    1439      1390491 :       if (signe(gel(c,i))) return 0;
    1440              :   }
    1441       275861 :   return 1;
    1442              : }
    1443              : int
    1444       162889 : ZM_isscalar(GEN x, GEN s)
    1445              : {
    1446       162889 :   long i, j, lx = lg(x);
    1447              : 
    1448       162889 :   if (lx == 1) return 1;
    1449       162889 :   if (!s) s = gcoeff(x,1,1);
    1450       162889 :   if (equali1(s)) return ZM_isidentity(x);
    1451       161433 :   if (lx != lgcols(x)) return 0;
    1452       726338 :   for (j=1; j<lx; j++)
    1453              :   {
    1454       627381 :     GEN c = gel(x,j);
    1455      2911387 :     for (i=1; i<j; )
    1456      2344386 :       if (signe(gel(c,i++))) return 0;
    1457              :     /* i = j */
    1458       567001 :     if (!equalii(gel(c,i++), s)) return 0;
    1459      2939679 :     for (   ; i<lx; )
    1460      2374774 :       if (signe(gel(c,i++))) return 0;
    1461              :   }
    1462        98957 :   return 1;
    1463              : }
    1464              : 
    1465              : long
    1466       174510 : ZC_is_ei(GEN x)
    1467              : {
    1468       174510 :   long i, j = 0, l = lg(x);
    1469      1790445 :   for (i = 1; i < l; i++)
    1470              :   {
    1471      1615936 :     GEN c = gel(x,i);
    1472      1615936 :     long s = signe(c);
    1473      1615936 :     if (!s) continue;
    1474       174504 :     if (s < 0 || !is_pm1(c) || j) return 0;
    1475       174503 :     j = i;
    1476              :   }
    1477       174509 :   return j;
    1478              : }
    1479              : 
    1480              : /********************************************************************/
    1481              : /**                                                                **/
    1482              : /**                       MISCELLANEOUS                            **/
    1483              : /**                                                                **/
    1484              : /********************************************************************/
    1485              : /* assume lg(x) = lg(y), x,y in Z^n */
    1486              : int
    1487      3255915 : ZV_cmp(GEN x, GEN y)
    1488              : {
    1489      3255915 :   long fl,i, lx = lg(x);
    1490      6522277 :   for (i=1; i<lx; i++)
    1491      5208956 :     if (( fl = cmpii(gel(x,i), gel(y,i)) )) return fl;
    1492      1313321 :   return 0;
    1493              : }
    1494              : /* assume lg(x) = lg(y), x,y in Z^n */
    1495              : int
    1496        19747 : ZV_abscmp(GEN x, GEN y)
    1497              : {
    1498        19747 :   long fl,i, lx = lg(x);
    1499        54113 :   for (i=1; i<lx; i++)
    1500        53984 :     if (( fl = abscmpii(gel(x,i), gel(y,i)) )) return fl;
    1501          129 :   return 0;
    1502              : }
    1503              : 
    1504              : long
    1505     19540632 : zv_content(GEN x)
    1506              : {
    1507     19540632 :   long i, s, l = lg(x);
    1508     19540632 :   if (l == 1) return 0;
    1509     19540625 :   s = labs(x[1]);
    1510     44328730 :   for (i = 2; i < l && s != 1; i++) s = ugcd(s, labs(x[i]));
    1511     19540667 :   return s;
    1512              : }
    1513              : GEN
    1514       300478 : ZV_content(GEN x)
    1515              : {
    1516       300478 :   long i, l = lg(x);
    1517       300478 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1518              :   GEN c;
    1519       300478 :   if (l == 1) return gen_0;
    1520       300478 :   if (l == 2) return absi(gel(x,1));
    1521       207511 :   c = gel(x,1);
    1522       562619 :   for (i = 2; i < l; i++)
    1523              :   {
    1524       407301 :     c = gcdii(c, gel(x,i));
    1525       407301 :     if (is_pm1(c)) { set_avma(av); return gen_1; }
    1526              :   }
    1527       155318 :   return gc_INT(av, c);
    1528              : }
    1529              : 
    1530              : GEN
    1531      4270827 : ZM_det_triangular(GEN mat)
    1532              : {
    1533              :   pari_sp av;
    1534      4270827 :   long i,l = lg(mat);
    1535              :   GEN s;
    1536              : 
    1537      4270827 :   if (l<3) return l<2? gen_1: icopy(gcoeff(mat,1,1));
    1538      3838716 :   av = avma; s = gcoeff(mat,1,1);
    1539     10369938 :   for (i=2; i<l; i++) s = mulii(s,gcoeff(mat,i,i));
    1540      3838304 :   return gc_INT(av,s);
    1541              : }
    1542              : 
    1543              : /* assumes no overflow */
    1544              : long
    1545       958462 : zv_prod(GEN v)
    1546              : {
    1547       958462 :   long n, i, l = lg(v);
    1548       958462 :   if (l == 1) return 1;
    1549       969351 :   n = v[1]; for (i = 2; i < l; i++) n *= v[i];
    1550       779913 :   return n;
    1551              : }
    1552              : 
    1553              : static GEN
    1554    319251198 : _mulii(void *E, GEN a, GEN b)
    1555    319251198 : { (void) E; return mulii(a, b); }
    1556              : 
    1557              : /* product of ulongs */
    1558              : GEN
    1559      1976459 : zv_prod_Z(GEN v)
    1560              : {
    1561              :   pari_sp av;
    1562      1976459 :   long k, m, n = lg(v)-1;
    1563      1976459 :   int stop = 0;
    1564              :   GEN V;
    1565      1976459 :   switch(n) {
    1566        21056 :     case 0: return gen_1;
    1567       129234 :     case 1: return utoi(v[1]);
    1568      1038122 :     case 2: return muluu(v[1], v[2]);
    1569              :   }
    1570       788047 :   av = avma; m = n >> 1;
    1571       788047 :   V = cgetg(m + (odd(n)? 2: 1), t_VEC);
    1572    155539390 :   for (k = n; k; k--) /* start from the end: v is usually sorted */
    1573    154752423 :     if (v[k] & HIGHMASK) { stop = 1; break; }
    1574      2631143 :   while (!stop)
    1575              :   { /* HACK: handle V as a t_VECSMALL; gain a few iterations */
    1576     84039287 :     for (k = 1; k <= m; k++)
    1577              :     {
    1578     81585395 :       V[k] = uel(v,k<<1) * uel(v,(k<<1)-1);
    1579     81585395 :       if (V[k] & HIGHMASK) stop = 1; /* last "free" iteration */
    1580              :     }
    1581      2453892 :     if (odd(n))
    1582              :     {
    1583      1432340 :       if (n == 1) { set_avma(av); return utoi(v[1]); }
    1584       821541 :       V[++m] = v[n];
    1585              :     }
    1586      1843094 :     v = V; n = m; m = n >> 1;
    1587              :   }
    1588              :   /* n > 1; m > 0 */
    1589       177251 :   if (n == 2) { set_avma(av); return muluu(v[1], v[2]); }
    1590     47497389 :   for (k = 1; k <= m; k++) gel(V,k) = muluu(v[k<<1], v[(k<<1)-1]);
    1591       123601 :   if (odd(n)) gel(V, ++m) = utoipos(v[n]);
    1592       123598 :   setlg(V, m+1); /* HACK: now V is a bona fide t_VEC */
    1593       123598 :   return gc_INT(av, gen_product(V, NULL, &_mulii));
    1594              : }
    1595              : GEN
    1596     14694393 : vecsmall_prod(GEN v)
    1597              : {
    1598     14694393 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1599     14694393 :   long k, m, n = lg(v)-1;
    1600              :   GEN V;
    1601     14694393 :   switch (n) {
    1602            0 :     case 0: return gen_1;
    1603            0 :     case 1: return stoi(v[1]);
    1604           21 :     case 2: return mulss(v[1], v[2]);
    1605              :   }
    1606     14694372 :   m = n >> 1;
    1607     14694372 :   V = cgetg(m + (odd(n)? 2: 1), t_VEC);
    1608    161556906 :   for (k = 1; k <= m; k++) gel(V,k) = mulss(v[k<<1], v[(k<<1)-1]);
    1609     14694372 :   if (odd(n)) gel(V,k) = stoi(v[n]);
    1610     14694372 :   return gc_INT(av, gen_product(V, NULL, &_mulii));
    1611              : }
    1612              : 
    1613              : GEN
    1614      8856010 : ZV_prod(GEN v)
    1615              : {
    1616      8856010 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1617      8856010 :   long i, l = lg(v);
    1618              :   GEN n;
    1619      8856010 :   if (l == 1) return gen_1;
    1620      8670708 :   if (l > 7) return gc_INT(av, gen_product(v, NULL, _mulii));
    1621      1325155 :   n = gel(v,1);
    1622      1325155 :   if (l == 2) return icopy(n);
    1623      2184036 :   for (i = 2; i < l; i++) n = mulii(n, gel(v,i));
    1624       867168 :   return gc_INT(av, n);
    1625              : }
    1626              : /* assumes no overflow */
    1627              : long
    1628        16519 : zv_sum(GEN v)
    1629              : {
    1630        16519 :   long n, i, l = lg(v);
    1631        16519 :   if (l == 1) return 0;
    1632        99677 :   n = v[1]; for (i = 2; i < l; i++) n += v[i];
    1633        16498 :   return n;
    1634              : }
    1635              : /* assumes no overflow and 0 <= n <= #v */
    1636              : long
    1637            0 : zv_sumpart(GEN v, long n)
    1638              : {
    1639              :   long i, p;
    1640            0 :   if (!n) return 0;
    1641            0 :   p = v[1]; for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) p += v[i];
    1642            0 :   return p;
    1643              : }
    1644              : GEN
    1645           77 : ZV_sum(GEN v)
    1646              : {
    1647           77 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1648           77 :   long i, l = lg(v);
    1649              :   GEN n;
    1650           77 :   if (l == 1) return gen_0;
    1651           77 :   n = gel(v,1);
    1652           77 :   if (l == 2) return icopy(n);
    1653          581 :   for (i = 2; i < l; i++) n = addii(n, gel(v,i));
    1654           77 :   return gc_INT(av, n);
    1655              : }
    1656              : 
    1657              : /********************************************************************/
    1658              : /**                                                                **/
    1659              : /**         GRAM SCHMIDT REDUCTION (integer matrices)              **/
    1660              : /**                                                                **/
    1661              : /********************************************************************/
    1662              : 
    1663              : /* L[k,] += q * L[l,], l < k. Inefficient if q = 0 */
    1664              : static void
    1665       402326 : Zupdate_row(long k, long l, GEN q, GEN L, GEN B)
    1666              : {
    1667       402326 :   long i, qq = itos_or_0(q);
    1668       402326 :   if (!qq)
    1669              :   {
    1670        36730 :     for(i=1;i<l;i++)  gcoeff(L,k,i) = addii(gcoeff(L,k,i),mulii(q,gcoeff(L,l,i)));
    1671         7587 :     gcoeff(L,k,l) = addii(gcoeff(L,k,l), mulii(q,B));
    1672         7587 :     return;
    1673              :   }
    1674       394739 :   if (qq == 1) {
    1675       182203 :     for (i=1;i<l; i++) gcoeff(L,k,i) = addii(gcoeff(L,k,i),gcoeff(L,l,i));
    1676       123632 :     gcoeff(L,k,l) = addii(gcoeff(L,k,l), B);
    1677       271103 :   } else if (qq == -1) {
    1678       174798 :     for (i=1;i<l; i++) gcoeff(L,k,i) = subii(gcoeff(L,k,i),gcoeff(L,l,i));
    1679       106934 :     gcoeff(L,k,l) = addii(gcoeff(L,k,l), negi(B));
    1680              :   } else {
    1681       290949 :     for(i=1;i<l;i++) gcoeff(L,k,i) = addii(gcoeff(L,k,i),mulsi(qq,gcoeff(L,l,i)));
    1682       164187 :     gcoeff(L,k,l) = addii(gcoeff(L,k,l), mulsi(qq,B));
    1683              :   }
    1684              : }
    1685              : 
    1686              : /* update L[k,] */
    1687              : static void
    1688      1170564 : ZRED(long k, long l, GEN x, GEN L, GEN B)
    1689              : {
    1690      1170564 :   GEN q = truedivii(addii(B,shifti(gcoeff(L,k,l),1)), shifti(B,1));
    1691      1170675 :   if (!signe(q)) return;
    1692       402293 :   q = negi(q);
    1693       402315 :   Zupdate_row(k,l,q,L,B);
    1694       402295 :   gel(x,k) = ZC_lincomb(gen_1, q, gel(x,k), gel(x,l));
    1695              : }
    1696              : 
    1697              : /* Gram-Schmidt reduction, x a ZM */
    1698              : static void
    1699      1279273 : ZincrementalGS(GEN x, GEN L, GEN B, long k)
    1700              : {
    1701              :   long i, j;
    1702      4128400 :   for (j=1; j<=k; j++)
    1703              :   {
    1704      2849923 :     pari_sp av = avma;
    1705      2849923 :     GEN u = ZV_dotproduct(gel(x,k), gel(x,j));
    1706      6121708 :     for (i=1; i<j; i++)
    1707              :     {
    1708      3273367 :       u = subii(mulii(gel(B,i+1), u), mulii(gcoeff(L,k,i), gcoeff(L,j,i)));
    1709      3272875 :       u = diviiexact(u, gel(B,i));
    1710              :     }
    1711      2848341 :     gcoeff(L,k,j) = gc_INT(av, u);
    1712              :   }
    1713      1278477 :   gel(B,k+1) = gcoeff(L,k,k); gcoeff(L,k,k) = gen_1;
    1714      1278477 : }
    1715              : 
    1716              : /* Variant reducemodinvertible(ZC v, ZM y), when y singular.
    1717              :  * Very inefficient if y is not LLL-reduced of maximal rank */
    1718              : static GEN
    1719       112320 : ZC_reducemodmatrix_i(GEN v, GEN y)
    1720              : {
    1721       112320 :   GEN B, L, x = shallowconcat(y, v);
    1722       112320 :   long k, lx = lg(x), nx = lx-1;
    1723              : 
    1724       112320 :   B = scalarcol_shallow(gen_1, lx);
    1725       112321 :   L = zeromatcopy(nx, nx);
    1726       461997 :   for (k=1; k <= nx; k++) ZincrementalGS(x, L, B, k);
    1727       349664 :   for (k = nx-1; k >= 1; k--) ZRED(nx,k, x,L,gel(B,k+1));
    1728       112305 :   return gel(x,nx);
    1729              : }
    1730              : GEN
    1731       112320 : ZC_reducemodmatrix(GEN v, GEN y) {
    1732       112320 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1733       112320 :   return gc_GEN(av, ZC_reducemodmatrix_i(v,y));
    1734              : }
    1735              : 
    1736              : /* Variant reducemodinvertible(ZM v, ZM y), when y singular.
    1737              :  * Very inefficient if y is not LLL-reduced of maximal rank */
    1738              : static GEN
    1739       239849 : ZM_reducemodmatrix_i(GEN v, GEN y)
    1740              : {
    1741              :   GEN B, L, V;
    1742       239849 :   long j, k, lv = lg(v), nx = lg(y), lx = nx+1;
    1743              : 
    1744       239849 :   V = cgetg(lv, t_MAT);
    1745       239863 :   B = scalarcol_shallow(gen_1, lx);
    1746       239870 :   L = zeromatcopy(nx, nx);
    1747       640584 :   for (k=1; k < nx; k++) ZincrementalGS(y, L, B, k);
    1748       768753 :   for (j = 1; j < lg(v); j++)
    1749              :   {
    1750       528948 :     GEN x = shallowconcat(y, gel(v,j));
    1751       528964 :     ZincrementalGS(x, L, B, nx); /* overwrite last */
    1752      1462171 :     for (k = nx-1; k >= 1; k--) ZRED(nx,k, x,L,gel(B,k+1));
    1753       528902 :     gel(V,j) = gel(x,nx);
    1754              :   }
    1755       239805 :   return V;
    1756              : }
    1757              : GEN
    1758       239849 : ZM_reducemodmatrix(GEN v, GEN y) {
    1759       239849 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1760       239849 :   return gc_GEN(av, ZM_reducemodmatrix_i(v,y));
    1761              : }
    1762              : 
    1763              : GEN
    1764        98010 : ZC_reducemodlll(GEN x,GEN y)
    1765              : {
    1766        98010 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1767        98010 :   GEN z = ZC_reducemodmatrix(x, ZM_lll(y, 0.75, LLL_INPLACE));
    1768        98013 :   return gc_GEN(av, z);
    1769              : }
    1770              : GEN
    1771            0 : ZM_reducemodlll(GEN x,GEN y)
    1772              : {
    1773            0 :   pari_sp av = avma;
    1774            0 :   GEN z = ZM_reducemodmatrix(x, ZM_lll(y, 0.75, LLL_INPLACE));
    1775            0 :   return gc_GEN(av, z);
    1776              : }
        

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