Code coverage tests

This page documents the degree to which the PARI/GP source code is tested by our public test suite, distributed with the source distribution in directory src/test/. This is measured by the gcov utility; we then process gcov output using the lcov frond-end.

We test a few variants depending on Configure flags on the pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr machine (x86_64 architecture), and agregate them in the final report:

The target is to exceed 90% coverage for all mathematical modules (given that branches depending on DEBUGLEVEL or DEBUGMEM are not covered). This script is run to produce the results below.

LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - kernel/gmp - mp.c (source / functions) Coverage Total Hit
Test: PARI/GP v2.18.1 lcov report (development 31041-bd73e9fcdd) Lines: 95.1 % 718 683
Test Date: 2026-07-22 22:45:42 Functions: 96.4 % 56 54
Legend: Lines:     hit not hit

            Line data    Source code
       1              : #line 2 "../src/kernel/gmp/mp.c"
       2              : /* Copyright (C) 2002-2003  The PARI group.
       3              : 
       4              : This file is part of the PARI/GP package.
       5              : 
       6              : PARI/GP is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
       7              : terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
       8              : Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
       9              : version. It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
      10              : ANY WARRANTY WHATSOEVER.
      11              : 
      12              : Check the License for details. You should have received a copy of it, along
      13              : with the package; see the file 'COPYING'. If not, write to the Free Software
      14              : Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. */
      15              : 
      16              : /***********************************************************************/
      17              : /**                                                                   **/
      18              : /**                               GMP KERNEL                          **/
      19              : /** BA2002Sep24                                                       **/
      20              : /***********************************************************************/
      21              : /* GMP t_INT as just like normal t_INT, just the mantissa is the other way
      22              :  * round
      23              :  *
      24              :  *   `How would you like to live in Looking-glass House, Kitty?  I
      25              :  *   wonder if they'd give you milk in there?  Perhaps Looking-glass
      26              :  *   milk isn't good to drink--But oh, Kitty! now we come to the
      27              :  *   passage.  You can just see a little PEEP of the passage in
      28              :  *   Looking-glass House, if you leave the door of our drawing-room
      29              :  *   wide open:  and it's very like our passage as far as you can see,
      30              :  *   only you know it may be quite different on beyond.  Oh, Kitty!
      31              :  *   how nice it would be if we could only get through into Looking-
      32              :  *   glass House!  I'm sure it's got, oh! such beautiful things in it!
      33              :  *
      34              :  *  Through the Looking Glass,  Lewis Carrol
      35              :  *
      36              :  *  (pityful attempt to beat GN code/comments rate)
      37              :  *  */
      38              : 
      39              : #include <gmp.h>
      40              : #include "pari.h"
      41              : #include "paripriv.h"
      42              : #include "../src/kernel/none/tune-gen.h"
      43              : 
      44              : /*We need PARI invmod renamed to invmod_pari*/
      45              : #define INVMOD_PARI
      46              : 
      47              : static void *
      48            0 : pari_gmp_realloc(void *ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size)
      49            0 : { (void)old_size; return (void *) pari_realloc(ptr,new_size); }
      50              : 
      51              : static void
      52      1632856 : pari_gmp_free(void *ptr, size_t old_size)
      53      1632856 : { (void)old_size; pari_free(ptr); }
      54              : 
      55              : static void *(*old_gmp_malloc)(size_t new_size);
      56              : static void *(*old_gmp_realloc)(void *ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size);
      57              : static void (*old_gmp_free)(void *ptr, size_t old_size);
      58              : 
      59              : void
      60         1100 : pari_kernel_init(void)
      61              : {
      62         1100 :   mp_get_memory_functions (&old_gmp_malloc, &old_gmp_realloc, &old_gmp_free);
      63         1100 :   mp_set_memory_functions((void *(*)(size_t)) pari_malloc, pari_gmp_realloc, pari_gmp_free);
      64         1100 : }
      65              : 
      66              : const char *
      67            4 : pari_kernel_version(void)
      68              : {
      69              : #ifdef gmp_version
      70            4 :   return gmp_version;
      71              : #else
      72              :   return "";
      73              : #endif
      74              : }
      75              : 
      76              : void
      77         1092 : pari_kernel_close(void)
      78              : {
      79              :   void *(*new_gmp_malloc)(size_t new_size);
      80              :   void *(*new_gmp_realloc)(void *ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size);
      81              :   void (*new_gmp_free)(void *ptr, size_t old_size);
      82         1092 :   mp_get_memory_functions (&new_gmp_malloc, &new_gmp_realloc, &new_gmp_free);
      83         1092 :   if (new_gmp_malloc==pari_malloc) new_gmp_malloc = old_gmp_malloc;
      84         1092 :   if (new_gmp_realloc==pari_gmp_realloc) new_gmp_realloc = old_gmp_realloc;
      85         1092 :   if (new_gmp_free==pari_gmp_free) new_gmp_free = old_gmp_free;
      86         1092 :   mp_set_memory_functions(new_gmp_malloc, new_gmp_realloc, new_gmp_free);
      87         1092 : }
      88              : 
      89              : #define LIMBS(x)  ((mp_limb_t *)((x)+2))
      90              : #define NLIMBS(x) (lgefint(x)-2)
      91              : /*This one is for t_REALs to emphasize they are not t_INTs*/
      92              : #define RLIMBS(x)  ((mp_limb_t *)((x)+2))
      93              : #define RNLIMBS(x) (lg(x)-2)
      94              : 
      95              : INLINE void
      96      7065531 : xmpn_copy(mp_limb_t *x, mp_limb_t *y, long n)
      97              : {
      98     56816566 :   while (--n >= 0) x[n]=y[n];
      99      7065531 : }
     100              : 
     101              : INLINE void
     102    605715219 : xmpn_mirror(mp_limb_t *x, long n)
     103              : {
     104              :   long i;
     105   3895935771 :   for(i=0;i<(n>>1);i++)
     106              :   {
     107   3290220552 :     ulong m=x[i];
     108   3290220552 :     x[i]=x[n-1-i];
     109   3290220552 :     x[n-1-i]=m;
     110              :   }
     111    605715219 : }
     112              : 
     113              : INLINE void
     114    739900285 : xmpn_mirrorcopy(mp_limb_t *z, mp_limb_t *x, long n)
     115              : {
     116              :   long i;
     117   9986213368 :   for(i=0;i<n;i++)
     118   9246313083 :     z[i]=x[n-1-i];
     119    739900285 : }
     120              : 
     121              : INLINE void
     122    247988003 : xmpn_zero(mp_ptr x, mp_size_t n)
     123              : {
     124   2131079806 :   while (--n >= 0) x[n]=0;
     125    247988003 : }
     126              : 
     127              : INLINE GEN
     128     42856835 : icopy_ef(GEN x, long l)
     129              : {
     130     42856835 :   long lx = lgefint(x);
     131     42856835 :   const GEN y = cgeti(l);
     132              : 
     133    304913721 :   while (--lx > 0) y[lx]=x[lx];
     134     42855308 :   return y;
     135              : }
     136              : 
     137              : /* NOTE: arguments of "spec" routines (muliispec, addiispec, etc.) aren't
     138              :  * GENs but pairs (long *a, long na) representing a list of digits (in basis
     139              :  * BITS_IN_LONG) : a[0], ..., a[na-1]. In order to facilitate splitting: no
     140              :  * need to reintroduce codewords. */
     141              : 
     142              : /***********************************************************************/
     143              : /**                                                                   **/
     144              : /**                     ADDITION / SUBTRACTION                        **/
     145              : /**                                                                   **/
     146              : /***********************************************************************/
     147              : 
     148              : GEN
     149      2999351 : setloop(GEN a)
     150              : {
     151      2999351 :   pari_sp av = avma - 2 * sizeof(long);
     152      2999351 :   (void)cgetg(lgefint(a) + 3, t_VECSMALL);
     153      2999350 :   return icopy_avma(a, av); /* two cells of extra space after a */
     154              : }
     155              : 
     156              : /* we had a = setloop(?), then some incloops. Reset a to b */
     157              : GEN
     158       174380 : resetloop(GEN a, GEN b) {
     159       174380 :   a[0] = evaltyp(t_INT) | evallg(lgefint(b));
     160       174380 :   affii(b, a); return a;
     161              : }
     162              : 
     163              : /* assume a > 0, initialized by setloop. Do a++ */
     164              : static GEN
     165     87324812 : incpos(GEN a)
     166              : {
     167     87324812 :   long i, l = lgefint(a);
     168     87324817 :   for (i=2; i<l; i++)
     169     87330628 :     if (++uel(a,i)) return a;
     170            3 :   a[l] = 1; l++;
     171            3 :   a[0]=evaltyp(t_INT) | _evallg(l);
     172            3 :   a[1]=evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(l);
     173            3 :   return a;
     174              : }
     175              : 
     176              : /* assume a < 0, initialized by setloop. Do a++ */
     177              : static GEN
     178        66684 : incneg(GEN a)
     179              : {
     180        66684 :   long i, l = lgefint(a)-1;
     181        66684 :   if (uel(a,2)--)
     182              :   {
     183        66680 :     if (!a[l]) /* implies l = 2 */
     184              :     {
     185         1980 :       a[0] = evaltyp(t_INT) | _evallg(2);
     186         1980 :       a[1] = evalsigne(0) | evallgefint(2);
     187              :     }
     188        66680 :     return a;
     189              :   }
     190            5 :   for (i=3; i<=l; i++)
     191            5 :     if (uel(a,i)--) break;
     192            4 :   if (!a[l])
     193              :   {
     194            4 :     a[0] = evaltyp(t_INT) | _evallg(l);
     195            4 :     a[1] = evalsigne(-1) | evallgefint(l);
     196              :   }
     197            4 :   return a;
     198              : }
     199              : 
     200              : /* assume a initialized by setloop. Do a++ */
     201              : GEN
     202     87730311 : incloop(GEN a)
     203              : {
     204     87730311 :   switch(signe(a))
     205              :   {
     206       336652 :     case 0:
     207       336652 :       a[0]=evaltyp(t_INT) | _evallg(3);
     208       336652 :       a[1]=evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(3);
     209       336652 :       a[2]=1; return a;
     210        66684 :     case -1: return incneg(a);
     211     87326975 :     default: return incpos(a);
     212              :   }
     213              : }
     214              : 
     215              : INLINE GEN
     216   2877097960 : adduispec(ulong s, GEN x, long nx)
     217              : {
     218              :   GEN  zd;
     219              :   long lz;
     220              : 
     221   2877097960 :   if (nx == 1) return adduu(uel(x,0), s);
     222    909354428 :   lz = nx+3; zd = cgeti(lz);
     223    912604683 :   if (mpn_add_1(LIMBS(zd),(mp_limb_t *)x,nx,s))
     224      5068756 :     zd[lz-1]=1;
     225              :   else
     226    907551981 :     lz--;
     227    912620737 :   zd[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
     228    912620737 :   return zd;
     229              : }
     230              : 
     231              : GEN
     232    766658452 : adduispec_offset(ulong s, GEN x, long offset, long nx)
     233              : {
     234    766658452 :   GEN xd=x+2+offset;
     235    999733531 :   while (nx && *(xd+nx-1)==0) nx--;
     236    766658452 :   if (!nx) return utoi(s);
     237    722872877 :   return adduispec(s,xd,nx);
     238              : }
     239              : 
     240              : INLINE GEN
     241   3467139564 : addiispec(GEN x, GEN y, long nx, long ny)
     242              : {
     243              :   GEN zd;
     244              :   long lz;
     245              : 
     246   3467139564 :   if (nx < ny) swapspec(x,y, nx,ny);
     247   3467139564 :   if (ny == 1) return adduispec(*y,x,nx);
     248   1408563021 :   lz = nx+3; zd = cgeti(lz);
     249              : 
     250   1408745847 :   if (mpn_add(LIMBS(zd),(mp_limb_t *)x,nx,(mp_limb_t *)y,ny))
     251     32112592 :     zd[lz-1]=1;
     252              :   else
     253   1376940898 :     lz--;
     254              : 
     255   1409053490 :   zd[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
     256   1409053490 :   return zd;
     257              : }
     258              : 
     259              : /* assume x >= y */
     260              : INLINE GEN
     261   1856735512 : subiuspec(GEN x, ulong s, long nx)
     262              : {
     263              :   GEN zd;
     264              :   long lz;
     265              : 
     266   1856735512 :   if (nx == 1) return utoi(x[0] - s);
     267              : 
     268    260264332 :   lz = nx + 2; zd = cgeti(lz);
     269    261263884 :   mpn_sub_1 (LIMBS(zd), (mp_limb_t *)x, nx, s);
     270    261264953 :   if (! zd[lz - 1]) { --lz; }
     271              : 
     272    261264953 :   zd[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
     273    261264953 :   return zd;
     274              : }
     275              : 
     276              : /* assume x > y */
     277              : INLINE GEN
     278   3228733560 : subiispec(GEN x, GEN y, long nx, long ny)
     279              : {
     280              :   GEN zd;
     281              :   long lz;
     282   3228733560 :   if (ny==1) return subiuspec(x,*y,nx);
     283   1409191628 :   lz = nx+2; zd = cgeti(lz);
     284              : 
     285   1404670540 :   mpn_sub (LIMBS(zd), (mp_limb_t *)x, nx, (mp_limb_t *)y, ny);
     286   1893915164 :   while (lz >= 3 && zd[lz - 1] == 0) { lz--; }
     287              : 
     288   1405036494 :   zd[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
     289   1405036494 :   return zd;
     290              : }
     291              : 
     292              : static void
     293    555965894 : roundr_up_ip(GEN x, long l)
     294              : {
     295    555965894 :   long i = l;
     296              :   for(;;)
     297              :   {
     298    557815534 :     if (++((ulong*)x)[--i]) break;
     299      2229278 :     if (i == 2) { x[2] = HIGHBIT; shiftr_inplace(x, 1); break; }
     300              :   }
     301    556036967 : }
     302              : 
     303              : void
     304    425164115 : affir(GEN x, GEN y)
     305              : {
     306    425164115 :   const long s = signe(x), ly = lg(y);
     307              :   long lx, sh, i;
     308              : 
     309    425164115 :   if (!s)
     310              :   {
     311     44522511 :     y[1] = evalexpo(-bit_accuracy(ly));
     312     44519153 :     return;
     313              :   }
     314    380641604 :   lx = lgefint(x); sh = bfffo(*int_MSW(x));
     315    380641604 :   y[1] = evalsigne(s) | evalexpo(bit_accuracy(lx)-sh-1);
     316    380852905 :   if (sh) {
     317    372906021 :     if (lx <= ly)
     318              :     {
     319   1005825736 :       for (i=lx; i<ly; i++) y[i]=0;
     320    260254165 :       mpn_lshift(LIMBS(y),LIMBS(x),lx-2,sh);
     321    260333561 :       xmpn_mirror(LIMBS(y),lx-2);
     322    260608263 :       return;
     323              :     }
     324    112651856 :     mpn_lshift(LIMBS(y),LIMBS(x)+lx-ly,ly-2,sh);
     325    112652421 :     uel(y,2) |= uel(x,lx-ly+1) >> (BITS_IN_LONG-sh);
     326    112652421 :     xmpn_mirror(LIMBS(y),ly-2);
     327              :     /* lx > ly: round properly */
     328    112650757 :     if ((uel(x,lx-ly+1)<<sh) & HIGHBIT) roundr_up_ip(y, ly);
     329              :   }
     330              :   else {
     331      7946884 :     GEN xd=int_MSW(x);
     332      7946884 :     if (lx <= ly)
     333              :     {
     334     10018964 :       for (i=2; i<lx; i++,xd=int_precW(xd)) y[i]=*xd;
     335      5730455 :       for (   ; i<ly; i++) y[i]=0;
     336      2506352 :       return;
     337              :     }
     338     15583515 :     for (i=2; i<ly; i++,xd=int_precW(xd)) y[i]=*xd;
     339              :     /* lx > ly: round properly */
     340      5440532 :     if (uel(x,lx-ly+1) & HIGHBIT) roundr_up_ip(y, ly);
     341              :   }
     342              : }
     343              : 
     344              : INLINE GEN
     345    754733276 : shiftispec(GEN x, long nx, long n)
     346              : {
     347              :   long ny,m;
     348              :   GEN yd, y;
     349              : 
     350    754733276 :   if (!n) return icopyspec(x, nx);
     351              : 
     352    723769583 :   if (n > 0)
     353              :   {
     354    427910597 :     long d = dvmdsBIL(n, &m);
     355              :     long i;
     356              : 
     357    427751395 :     ny = nx + d + (m!=0);
     358    427751395 :     y = cgeti(ny + 2); yd = y + 2;
     359    611570297 :     for (i=0; i<d; i++) yd[i] = 0;
     360              : 
     361    426827910 :     if (!m) xmpn_copy((mp_limb_t *) (yd + d), (mp_limb_t *) x, nx);
     362              :     else
     363              :     {
     364    425114157 :       ulong carryd = mpn_lshift((mp_limb_t *) (yd + d), (mp_limb_t *) x, nx, m);
     365    425170458 :       if (carryd) yd[ny - 1] = carryd;
     366    400809395 :       else ny--;
     367              :     }
     368              :   }
     369              :   else
     370              :   {
     371    295858986 :     long d = dvmdsBIL(-n, &m);
     372              : 
     373    298787299 :     ny = nx - d;
     374    298787299 :     if (ny < 1) return gen_0;
     375    295908538 :     y = cgeti(ny + 2); yd = y + 2;
     376              : 
     377    295603176 :     if (!m) xmpn_copy((mp_limb_t *) yd, (mp_limb_t *) (x + d), nx - d);
     378              :     else
     379              :     {
     380    290941536 :       mpn_rshift((mp_limb_t *) yd, (mp_limb_t *) (x + d), nx - d, m);
     381    290956730 :       if (yd[ny - 1] == 0)
     382              :       {
     383     58978124 :         if (ny == 1) return gc_const((pari_sp)(yd + 1), gen_0);
     384     49339853 :         ny--;
     385              :       }
     386              :     }
     387              :   }
     388    709891903 :   y[1] = evalsigne(1)|evallgefint(ny + 2);
     389    709891903 :   return y;
     390              : }
     391              : 
     392              : GEN
     393    141388763 : mantissa2nr(GEN x, long n)
     394              : {
     395    141388763 :   long ly, i, m, s = signe(x), lx = lg(x);
     396              :   GEN y;
     397    141388763 :   if (!s) return gen_0;
     398    141387402 :   if (!n)
     399              :   {
     400     31370705 :     y = cgeti(lx);
     401     31367508 :     y[1] = evalsigne(s) | evallgefint(lx);
     402     31367508 :     xmpn_mirrorcopy(LIMBS(y),RLIMBS(x),lx-2);
     403     31367275 :     return y;
     404              :   }
     405    110016697 :   if (n > 0)
     406              :   {
     407       218895 :     GEN z = (GEN)avma;
     408       218895 :     long d = dvmdsBIL(n, &m);
     409              : 
     410       218895 :     ly = lx+d; y = new_chunk(ly);
     411       563239 :     for ( ; d; d--) *--z = 0;
     412       223315 :     if (!m) for (i=2; i<lx; i++) y[i]=x[i];
     413              :     else
     414              :     {
     415       217450 :       const ulong sh = BITS_IN_LONG - m;
     416       217450 :       shift_left(y,x, 2,lx-1, 0,m);
     417       217450 :       i = uel(x,2) >> sh;
     418              :       /* Extend y on the left? */
     419       217450 :       if (i) { ly++; y = new_chunk(1); y[2] = i; }
     420              :     }
     421              :   }
     422              :   else
     423              :   {
     424    109797802 :     ly = lx - dvmdsBIL(-n, &m);
     425    109796717 :     if (ly<3) return gen_0;
     426    109796717 :     y = new_chunk(ly);
     427    109760273 :     if (m) {
     428    109501035 :       shift_right(y,x, 2,ly, 0,m);
     429    109538540 :       if (y[2] == 0)
     430              :       {
     431            0 :         if (ly==3) return gc_const((pari_sp)(y+3), gen_0);
     432            0 :         ly--; set_avma((pari_sp)(++y));
     433              :       }
     434              :     } else {
     435       704297 :       for (i=2; i<ly; i++) y[i]=x[i];
     436              :     }
     437              :   }
     438    110016673 :   xmpn_mirror(LIMBS(y),ly-2);
     439    110062430 :   y[1] = evalsigne(s)|evallgefint(ly);
     440    110062430 :   y[0] = evaltyp(t_INT)|evallg(ly); return y;
     441              : }
     442              : 
     443              : GEN
     444      8353524 : truncr(GEN x)
     445              : {
     446              :   long s, e, d, m, i;
     447              :   GEN y;
     448      8353524 :   if ((s=signe(x)) == 0 || (e=expo(x)) < 0) return gen_0;
     449      6046658 :   d = nbits2lg(e+1); m = remsBIL(e);
     450      6046645 :   if (d > lg(x)) pari_err_PREC( "truncr (precision loss in truncation)");
     451              : 
     452      6046641 :   y=cgeti(d); y[1] = evalsigne(s) | evallgefint(d);
     453      6046568 :   if (++m == BITS_IN_LONG)
     454         2495 :     for (i=2; i<d; i++) y[d-i+1]=x[i];
     455              :   else
     456              :   {
     457      6045579 :     GEN z=cgeti(d);
     458     12155663 :     for (i=2; i<d; i++) z[d-i+1]=x[i];
     459      6045486 :     mpn_rshift(LIMBS(y),LIMBS(z),d-2,BITS_IN_LONG-m);
     460      6045488 :     set_avma((pari_sp)y);
     461              :   }
     462      6046449 :   return y;
     463              : }
     464              : 
     465              : /* integral part */
     466              : GEN
     467      7245405 : floorr(GEN x)
     468              : {
     469              :   long e, d, m, i, lx;
     470              :   GEN y;
     471      7245405 :   if (signe(x) >= 0) return truncr(x);
     472      4284777 :   if ((e=expo(x)) < 0) return gen_m1;
     473      3562436 :   d = nbits2lg(e+1); m = remsBIL(e);
     474      3560963 :   lx=lg(x); if (d>lx) pari_err_PREC( "floorr (precision loss in truncation)");
     475      3560963 :   y = cgeti(d+1);
     476      3550912 :   if (++m == BITS_IN_LONG)
     477              :   {
     478         3053 :     for (i=2; i<d; i++) y[d-i+1]=x[i];
     479         1453 :     i=d; while (i<lx && !x[i]) i++;
     480          908 :     if (i==lx) goto END;
     481              :   }
     482              :   else
     483              :   {
     484      3550004 :     GEN z=cgeti(d);
     485      7931028 :     for (i=2; i<d; i++) z[d-i+1]=x[i];
     486      3536806 :     mpn_rshift(LIMBS(y),LIMBS(z),d-2,BITS_IN_LONG-m);
     487      3537381 :     if (uel(x,d-1)<<m == 0)
     488              :     {
     489       527725 :       i=d; while (i<lx && !x[i]) i++;
     490       121870 :       if (i==lx) goto END;
     491              :     }
     492              :   }
     493      3459821 :   if (mpn_add_1(LIMBS(y),LIMBS(y),d-2,1))
     494            0 :     y[d++]=1;
     495      3459714 : END:
     496      3538182 :   y[1] = evalsigne(-1) | evallgefint(d);
     497      3538182 :   return y;
     498              : }
     499              : 
     500              : INLINE int
     501   4191252217 : cmpiispec(GEN x, GEN y, long lx, long ly)
     502              : {
     503   4191252217 :   if (lx < ly) return -1;
     504   3862045143 :   if (lx > ly) return  1;
     505   3692420470 :   return mpn_cmp((mp_limb_t*)x,(mp_limb_t*)y, lx);
     506              : }
     507              : 
     508              : INLINE int
     509    310400708 : equaliispec(GEN x, GEN y, long lx, long ly)
     510              : {
     511    310400708 :   if (lx != ly) return 0;
     512    310254287 :   return !mpn_cmp((mp_limb_t*)x,(mp_limb_t*)y, lx);
     513              : }
     514              : 
     515              : /***********************************************************************/
     516              : /**                                                                   **/
     517              : /**                          MULTIPLICATION                           **/
     518              : /**                                                                   **/
     519              : /***********************************************************************/
     520              : /* assume ny > 0 */
     521              : INLINE GEN
     522   5815138779 : muluispec(ulong x, GEN y, long ny)
     523              : {
     524   5815138779 :   if (ny == 1)
     525   4653354426 :     return muluu(x, *y);
     526              :   else
     527              :   {
     528   1161784353 :     long lz = ny+3;
     529   1161784353 :     GEN z = cgeti(lz);
     530   1168853437 :     ulong hi = mpn_mul_1 (LIMBS(z), (mp_limb_t *)y, ny, x);
     531   1173420448 :     if (hi) { z[lz - 1] = hi; } else lz--;
     532   1173420448 :     z[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
     533   1173420448 :     return z;
     534              :   }
     535              : }
     536              : 
     537              : /* a + b*|y| */
     538              : GEN
     539            0 : addumului(ulong a, ulong b, GEN y)
     540              : {
     541              :   GEN z;
     542              :   long i, lz;
     543              :   ulong hi;
     544            0 :   if (!b || !signe(y)) return utoi(a);
     545            0 :   lz = lgefint(y)+1;
     546            0 :   z = cgeti(lz);
     547            0 :   z[2]=a;
     548            0 :   for(i=3;i<lz;i++) z[i]=0;
     549            0 :   hi=mpn_addmul_1(LIMBS(z), LIMBS(y), NLIMBS(y), b);
     550            0 :   if (hi) z[lz-1]=hi; else lz--;
     551            0 :   z[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
     552            0 :   return gc_const((pari_sp)z, z);
     553              : }
     554              : 
     555              : /***********************************************************************/
     556              : /**                                                                   **/
     557              : /**                          DIVISION                                 **/
     558              : /**                                                                   **/
     559              : /***********************************************************************/
     560              : 
     561              : ulong
     562   1367211693 : umodiu(GEN y, ulong x)
     563              : {
     564   1367211693 :   long sy=signe(y);
     565              :   ulong hi;
     566   1367211693 :   if (!x) pari_err_INV("umodiu",gen_0);
     567   1368112392 :   if (!sy) return 0;
     568    953336053 :   hi = mpn_mod_1(LIMBS(y),NLIMBS(y),x);
     569    953336053 :   if (!hi) return 0;
     570    934054838 :   return (sy > 0)? hi: x - hi;
     571              : }
     572              : 
     573              : /* return |y| \/ x */
     574              : GEN
     575     52829465 : absdiviu_rem(GEN y, ulong x, ulong *rem)
     576              : {
     577              :   long ly;
     578              :   GEN z;
     579              : 
     580     52829465 :   if (!x) pari_err_INV("absdiviu_rem",gen_0);
     581     52829797 :   if (!signe(y)) { *rem = 0; return gen_0; }
     582              : 
     583     52062047 :   ly = lgefint(y);
     584     52062047 :   if (ly == 3 && (ulong)x > uel(y,2)) { *rem = uel(y,2); return gen_0; }
     585              : 
     586     51119785 :   z = cgeti(ly);
     587     51117936 :   *rem = mpn_divrem_1(LIMBS(z), 0, LIMBS(y), NLIMBS(y), x);
     588     51118128 :   if (z [ly - 1] == 0) ly--;
     589     51118128 :   z[1] = evallgefint(ly) | evalsigne(1);
     590     51118128 :   return z;
     591              : }
     592              : 
     593              : GEN
     594     94227139 : divis_rem(GEN y, long x, long *rem)
     595              : {
     596     94227139 :   long sy=signe(y),ly,s;
     597              :   GEN z;
     598              : 
     599     94227139 :   if (!x) pari_err_INV("divis_rem",gen_0);
     600     94245780 :   if (!sy) { *rem = 0; return gen_0; }
     601     66594720 :   if (x<0) { s = -sy; x = -x; } else s = sy;
     602              : 
     603     66594720 :   ly = lgefint(y);
     604     66594720 :   if (ly == 3 && (ulong)x > uel(y,2)) { *rem = itos(y); return gen_0; }
     605              : 
     606     45591818 :   z = cgeti(ly);
     607     45571943 :   *rem = mpn_divrem_1(LIMBS(z), 0, LIMBS(y), NLIMBS(y), x);
     608     45572447 :   if (sy<0) *rem = -  *rem;
     609     45572447 :   if (z[ly - 1] == 0) ly--;
     610     45572447 :   z[1] = evallgefint(ly) | evalsigne(s);
     611     45572447 :   return z;
     612              : }
     613              : 
     614              : GEN
     615       336624 : divis(GEN y, long x)
     616              : {
     617       336624 :   long sy=signe(y),ly,s;
     618              :   GEN z;
     619              : 
     620       336624 :   if (!x) pari_err_INV("divis",gen_0);
     621       336624 :   if (!sy) return gen_0;
     622       336572 :   if (x<0) { s = -sy; x = -x; } else s=sy;
     623              : 
     624       336572 :   ly = lgefint(y);
     625       336572 :   if (ly == 3 && (ulong)x > uel(y,2)) return gen_0;
     626              : 
     627       336260 :   z = cgeti(ly);
     628       336256 :   (void)mpn_divrem_1(LIMBS(z), 0, LIMBS(y), NLIMBS(y), x);
     629       336257 :   if (z[ly - 1] == 0) ly--;
     630       336257 :   z[1] = evallgefint(ly) | evalsigne(s);
     631       336257 :   return z;
     632              : }
     633              : 
     634              : /* We keep llx bits of x and lly bits of y*/
     635              : static GEN
     636     82020618 : divrr_with_gmp(GEN x, GEN y)
     637              : {
     638     82020618 :   long lx=RNLIMBS(x),ly=RNLIMBS(y);
     639     82020618 :   long lw=minss(lx,ly);
     640     82021625 :   long lly=minss(lw+1,ly);
     641     82022539 :   GEN  w = cgetg(lw+2, t_REAL);
     642     82006208 :   long lu=lw+lly;
     643     82006208 :   long llx=minss(lu,lx);
     644     82003948 :   mp_limb_t *u=(mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(lu);
     645     81983200 :   mp_limb_t *z=(mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(lly);
     646              :   mp_limb_t *q,*r;
     647     81953011 :   long e=expo(x)-expo(y);
     648     81953011 :   long sx=signe(x),sy=signe(y);
     649     81953011 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy(z,RLIMBS(y),lly);
     650     81967274 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy(u+lu-llx,RLIMBS(x),llx);
     651     82012252 :   xmpn_zero(u,lu-llx);
     652     82038873 :   q = (mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(lw+1);
     653     82022711 :   r = (mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(lly);
     654              : 
     655     81999698 :   mpn_tdiv_qr(q,r,0,u,lu,z,lly);
     656              : 
     657              :   /*Round up: This is not exactly correct we should test 2*r>z*/
     658     82046471 :   if (uel(r,lly-1) > (uel(z,lly-1)>>1))
     659     40710808 :     mpn_add_1(q,q,lw+1,1);
     660              : 
     661     82046532 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy(RLIMBS(w),q,lw);
     662              : 
     663     82045281 :   if (q[lw] == 0) e--;
     664     43311589 :   else if (q[lw] == 1) { shift_right(w,w, 2,lw+2, 1,1); }
     665           21 :   else { w[2] = HIGHBIT; e++; }
     666     82044312 :   if (sy < 0) sx = -sx;
     667     82044312 :   w[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evalexpo(e);
     668     82037547 :   return gc_const((pari_sp)w, w);
     669              : }
     670              : 
     671              : /* We keep llx bits of x and lly bits of y*/
     672              : static GEN
     673     35566686 : divri_with_gmp(GEN x, GEN y)
     674              : {
     675     35566686 :   long llx=RNLIMBS(x),ly=NLIMBS(y);
     676     35566686 :   long lly=minss(llx+1,ly);
     677     35566821 :   GEN  w = cgetg(llx+2, t_REAL);
     678     35562693 :   long lu=llx+lly, ld=ly-lly;
     679     35562693 :   mp_limb_t *u=(mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(lu);
     680     35559177 :   mp_limb_t *z=(mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(lly);
     681              :   mp_limb_t *q,*r;
     682     35553724 :   long sh=bfffo(y[ly+1]);
     683     35553724 :   long e=expo(x)-expi(y);
     684     35554509 :   long sx=signe(x),sy=signe(y);
     685     35554509 :   if (sh) mpn_lshift(z,LIMBS(y)+ld,lly,sh);
     686       690155 :   else xmpn_copy(z,LIMBS(y)+ld,lly);
     687     35556168 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy(u+lu-llx,RLIMBS(x),llx);
     688     35563378 :   xmpn_zero(u,lu-llx);
     689     35569520 :   q = (mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(llx+1);
     690     35566936 :   r = (mp_limb_t *)new_chunk(lly);
     691              : 
     692     35562213 :   mpn_tdiv_qr(q,r,0,u,lu,z,lly);
     693              : 
     694              :   /*Round up: This is not exactly correct we should test 2*r>z*/
     695     35572042 :   if (uel(r,lly-1) > (uel(z,lly-1)>>1))
     696     16164742 :     mpn_add_1(q,q,llx+1,1);
     697              : 
     698     35572045 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy(RLIMBS(w),q,llx);
     699              : 
     700     35571682 :   if (q[llx] == 0) e--;
     701     10810312 :   else if (q[llx] == 1) { shift_right(w,w, 2,llx+2, 1,1); }
     702            0 :   else { w[2] = HIGHBIT; e++; }
     703     35571551 :   if (sy < 0) sx = -sx;
     704     35571551 :   w[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evalexpo(e);
     705     35570407 :   return gc_const((pari_sp)w, w);
     706              : }
     707              : 
     708              : GEN
     709    160533474 : divri(GEN x, GEN y)
     710              : {
     711    160533474 :   long  s = signe(y);
     712              : 
     713    160533474 :   if (!s) pari_err_INV("divri",gen_0);
     714    160533736 :   if (!signe(x)) return real_0_bit(expo(x) - expi(y));
     715    160281911 :   if (!is_bigint(y)) {
     716    124720154 :     GEN z = divru(x, y[2]);
     717    124716712 :     if (s < 0) togglesign(z);
     718    124716712 :     return z;
     719              :   }
     720     35560661 :   return divri_with_gmp(x,y);
     721              : }
     722              : 
     723              : GEN
     724    157531185 : divrr(GEN x, GEN y)
     725              : {
     726    157531185 :   long sx=signe(x), sy=signe(y), lx,ly,lr,e,i,j;
     727              :   ulong y0,y1;
     728              :   GEN r, r1;
     729              : 
     730    157531185 :   if (!sy) pari_err_INV("divrr",y);
     731    157539935 :   e = expo(x) - expo(y);
     732    157539935 :   if (!sx) return real_0_bit(e);
     733    156298075 :   if (sy<0) sx = -sx;
     734              : 
     735    156298075 :   lx=lg(x); ly=lg(y);
     736    156298075 :   if (ly==3)
     737              :   {
     738     27325352 :     ulong k = x[2], l = (lx>3)? x[3]: 0;
     739              :     LOCAL_HIREMAINDER;
     740     27325352 :     if (k < uel(y,2)) e--;
     741              :     else
     742              :     {
     743      8608155 :       l >>= 1; if (k&1) l |= HIGHBIT;
     744      8608155 :       k >>= 1;
     745              :     }
     746     27325352 :     hiremainder = k; k = divll(l,y[2]);
     747     27325352 :     if (hiremainder > (uel(y,2) >> 1) && !++k) { k = HIGHBIT; e++; }
     748     27325352 :     r = cgetg(3, t_REAL);
     749     27324737 :     r[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evalexpo(e);
     750     27322497 :     r[2] = k; return r;
     751              :   }
     752              : 
     753    128972723 :   if (ly >= prec2lg(DIVRR_GMP_LIMIT))
     754     82020594 :     return divrr_with_gmp(x,y);
     755              : 
     756     46998796 :   lr = minss(lx,ly); r = new_chunk(lr);
     757     46998859 :   r1 = r-1;
     758    159402063 :   r1[1] = 0; for (i=2; i<lr; i++) r1[i]=x[i];
     759     46998859 :   r1[lr] = (lx>ly)? x[lr]: 0;
     760     46998859 :   y0 = y[2]; y1 = y[3];
     761    206355100 :   for (i=0; i<lr-1; i++)
     762              :   { /* r1 = r + (i-1), OK up to r1[2] (accesses at most r[lr]) */
     763              :     ulong k, qp;
     764              :     LOCAL_HIREMAINDER;
     765              :     LOCAL_OVERFLOW;
     766              : 
     767    159356241 :     if (uel(r1,1) == y0) { qp = ULONG_MAX; k = addll(y0,r1[2]); }
     768              :     else
     769              :     {
     770    159102018 :       if (uel(r1,1) > y0) /* can't happen if i=0 */
     771              :       {
     772            0 :         GEN y1 = y+1;
     773            0 :         j = lr-i; r1[j] = subll(r1[j],y1[j]);
     774            0 :         for (j--; j>0; j--) r1[j] = subllx(r1[j],y1[j]);
     775            0 :         j=i; do uel(r,--j)++; while (j && !r[j]);
     776              :       }
     777    159102018 :       hiremainder = r1[1]; overflow = 0;
     778    159102018 :       qp = divll(r1[2],y0); k = hiremainder;
     779              :     }
     780    159356241 :     j = lr-i+1;
     781    159356241 :     if (!overflow)
     782              :     {
     783              :       long k3, k4;
     784    159197852 :       k3 = mulll(qp,y1);
     785    159197852 :       if (j == 3) /* i = lr - 2 maximal, r1[3] undefined -> 0 */
     786     47074816 :         k4 = subll(hiremainder,k);
     787              :       else
     788              :       {
     789    112123036 :         k3 = subll(k3, r1[3]);
     790    112123036 :         k4 = subllx(hiremainder,k);
     791              :       }
     792    204337476 :       while (!overflow && k4) { qp--; k3=subll(k3,y1); k4=subllx(k4,y0); }
     793              :     }
     794    159356241 :     if (j<ly) (void)mulll(qp,y[j]); else { hiremainder = 0 ; j = ly; }
     795    471798615 :     for (j--; j>1; j--)
     796              :     {
     797    312442374 :       r1[j] = subll(r1[j], addmul(qp,y[j]));
     798    312442374 :       hiremainder += overflow;
     799              :     }
     800    159356241 :     if (uel(r1,1) != hiremainder)
     801              :     {
     802       189318 :       if (uel(r1,1) < hiremainder)
     803              :       {
     804       189318 :         qp--;
     805       189318 :         j = lr-i-(lr-i>=ly); r1[j] = addll(r1[j], y[j]);
     806       538804 :         for (j--; j>1; j--) r1[j] = addllx(r1[j], y[j]);
     807              :       }
     808              :       else
     809              :       {
     810            0 :         uel(r1,1) -= hiremainder;
     811            0 :         while (r1[1])
     812              :         {
     813            0 :           qp++; if (!qp) { j=i; do uel(r,--j)++; while (j && !r[j]); }
     814            0 :           j = lr-i-(lr-i>=ly); r1[j] = subll(r1[j],y[j]);
     815            0 :           for (j--; j>1; j--) r1[j] = subllx(r1[j],y[j]);
     816            0 :           uel(r1,1) -= overflow;
     817              :         }
     818              :       }
     819              :     }
     820    159356241 :     *++r1 = qp;
     821              :   }
     822              :   /* i = lr-1 */
     823              :   /* round correctly */
     824     46998859 :   if (uel(r1,1) > (y0>>1))
     825              :   {
     826     23707391 :     j=i; do uel(r,--j)++; while (j && !r[j]);
     827              :   }
     828    159643182 :   r1 = r-1; for (j=i; j>=2; j--) r[j]=r1[j];
     829     46998859 :   if (r[0] == 0) e--;
     830     16739165 :   else if (r[0] == 1) { shift_right(r,r, 2,lr, 1,1); }
     831              :   else { /* possible only when rounding up to 0x2 0x0 ... */
     832           18 :     r[2] = (long)HIGHBIT; e++;
     833              :   }
     834     46997977 :   r[0] = evaltyp(t_REAL)|evallg(lr);
     835     47076660 :   r[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evalexpo(e);
     836     47067713 :   return r;
     837              : }
     838              : 
     839              : /* Integer division x / y: such that sign(r) = sign(x)
     840              :  *   if z = ONLY_REM return remainder, otherwise return quotient
     841              :  *   if z != NULL set *z to remainder
     842              :  *   *z is the last object on stack and can be disposed of with cgiv
     843              :  * If *z is zero, we put gen_0 here and no copy.
     844              :  * space needed: lx + ly
     845              :  */
     846              : GEN
     847   2270317206 : dvmdii(GEN x, GEN y, GEN *z)
     848              : {
     849   2270317206 :   long sx=signe(x),sy=signe(y);
     850              :   long lx, ly, lq;
     851              :   pari_sp av;
     852              :   GEN r,q;
     853              : 
     854   2270317206 :   if (!sy) pari_err_INV("dvmdii",y);
     855   2271505719 :   if (!sx)
     856              :   {
     857     70351499 :     if (!z || z == ONLY_REM) return gen_0;
     858     41251627 :     *z=gen_0; return gen_0;
     859              :   }
     860   2201154220 :   lx=lgefint(x);
     861   2201154220 :   ly=lgefint(y); lq=lx-ly;
     862   2201154220 :   if (lq <= 0)
     863              :   {
     864   1287658509 :     if (lq == 0)
     865              :     {
     866   1095914489 :       long s=mpn_cmp(LIMBS(x),LIMBS(y),NLIMBS(x));
     867   1095914489 :       if (s>0) goto DIVIDE;
     868    376254505 :       if (s==0)
     869              :       {
     870     33836346 :         if (z == ONLY_REM) return gen_0;
     871     22465375 :         if (z) *z = gen_0;
     872     22465375 :         if (sx < 0) sy = -sy;
     873     22465375 :         return stoi(sy);
     874              :       }
     875              :     }
     876    534162179 :     if (z == ONLY_REM) return icopy(x);
     877     15191284 :     if (z) *z = icopy(x);
     878     15191284 :     return gen_0;
     879              :   }
     880    913495711 : DIVIDE: /* quotient is nonzero */
     881   1633155695 :   av=avma; if (sx<0) sy = -sy;
     882   1633155695 :   if (ly==3)
     883              :   {
     884    591894314 :     ulong lq = lx;
     885              :     ulong si;
     886    591894314 :     q  = cgeti(lq);
     887    591328205 :     si = mpn_divrem_1(LIMBS(q), 0, LIMBS(x), NLIMBS(x), y[2]);
     888    591986708 :     if (q[lq - 1] == 0) lq--;
     889    591986708 :     if (z == ONLY_REM)
     890              :     {
     891    342656584 :       if (!si) return gc_const(av, gen_0);
     892    296118186 :       set_avma(av); r = cgeti(3);
     893    295335186 :       r[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evallgefint(3);
     894    295335186 :       r[2] = si; return r;
     895              :     }
     896    249330124 :     q[1] = evalsigne(sy) | evallgefint(lq);
     897    249330124 :     if (!z) return q;
     898    244272794 :     if (!si) { *z=gen_0; return q; }
     899     69939872 :     r=cgeti(3);
     900     69970481 :     r[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evallgefint(3);
     901     69970481 :     r[2] = si; *z=r; return q;
     902              :   }
     903   1041261381 :   if (z == ONLY_REM)
     904              :   {
     905   1017186210 :     ulong lr = lgefint(y);
     906   1017186210 :     ulong lq = lgefint(x)-lgefint(y)+3;
     907   1017186210 :     GEN r = cgeti(lr);
     908   1011131631 :     GEN q = cgeti(lq);
     909   1004509856 :     mpn_tdiv_qr(LIMBS(q), LIMBS(r),0, LIMBS(x), NLIMBS(x), LIMBS(y), NLIMBS(y));
     910   1017507868 :     if (!r[lr - 1])
     911              :     {
     912   1255660326 :       while(lr>2 && !r[lr - 1]) lr--;
     913    577827779 :       if (lr == 2) return gc_const(av, gen_0); /* exact division */
     914              :     }
     915   1001635121 :     r[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evallgefint(lr);
     916   1001635121 :     return gc_const((pari_sp)r, r);
     917              :   }
     918              :   else
     919              :   {
     920     24075171 :     ulong lq = lgefint(x)-lgefint(y)+3;
     921     24075171 :     ulong lr = lgefint(y);
     922     24075171 :     GEN q = cgeti(lq);
     923     29745961 :     GEN r = cgeti(lr);
     924     29721169 :     mpn_tdiv_qr(LIMBS(q), LIMBS(r),0, LIMBS(x), NLIMBS(x), LIMBS(y), NLIMBS(y));
     925     29769608 :     if (q[lq - 1] == 0) lq--;
     926     29769608 :     q[1] = evalsigne(sy) | evallgefint(lq);
     927     29769608 :     if (!z) return gc_const((pari_sp)q, q);
     928     26069972 :     if (!r[lr - 1])
     929              :     {
     930     46974205 :       while(lr>2 && !r[lr - 1]) lr--;
     931      7252573 :       if (lr == 2) { *z = gen_0; return gc_const((pari_sp)q, q); } /* exact */
     932              :     }
     933     20395797 :     r[1] = evalsigne(sx) | evallgefint(lr);
     934     20395797 :     *z = gc_const((pari_sp)r, r); return q;
     935              :   }
     936              : }
     937              : 
     938              : /* Montgomery reduction.
     939              :  * N has k words, assume T >= 0 has less than 2k.
     940              :  * Return res := T / B^k mod N, where B = 2^BIL
     941              :  * such that 0 <= res < T/B^k + N  and  res has less than k words */
     942              : GEN
     943     34554967 : red_montgomery(GEN T, GEN N, ulong inv)
     944              : {
     945              :   pari_sp av;
     946              :   GEN Te, Td, Ne, Nd, scratch;
     947     34554967 :   ulong i, j, m, t, d, k = NLIMBS(N);
     948              :   int carry;
     949              :   LOCAL_HIREMAINDER;
     950              :   LOCAL_OVERFLOW;
     951              : 
     952     34554967 :   if (k == 0) return gen_0;
     953     34554967 :   d = NLIMBS(T); /* <= 2*k */
     954     34554967 :   if (d == 0) return gen_0;
     955              : #ifdef DEBUG
     956              :   if (d > 2*k) pari_err_BUG("red_montgomery");
     957              : #endif
     958     34554958 :   if (k == 1)
     959              :   { /* as below, special cased for efficiency */
     960       163341 :     ulong n = uel(N,2);
     961       163341 :     if (d == 1) {
     962       163194 :       hiremainder = uel(T,2);
     963       163194 :       m = hiremainder * inv;
     964       163194 :       (void)addmul(m, n); /* t + m*n = 0 */
     965       163194 :       return utoi(hiremainder);
     966              :     } else { /* d = 2 */
     967          147 :       hiremainder = uel(T,2);
     968          147 :       m = hiremainder * inv;
     969          147 :       (void)addmul(m, n); /* t + m*n = 0 */
     970          147 :       t = addll(hiremainder, uel(T,3));
     971          147 :       if (overflow) t -= n; /* t > n doesn't fit in 1 word */
     972          147 :       return utoi(t);
     973              :     }
     974              :   }
     975              :   /* assume k >= 2 */
     976     34391617 :   av = avma; scratch = new_chunk(k<<1); /* >= k + 2: result fits */
     977              : 
     978              :   /* copy T to scratch space (pad with zeroes to 2k words) */
     979     33990802 :   Td = scratch;
     980     33990802 :   Te = T + 2;
     981    469271687 :   for (i=0; i < d     ; i++) *Td++ = *Te++;
     982     61477233 :   for (   ; i < (k<<1); i++) *Td++ = 0;
     983              : 
     984     33990802 :   Te = scratch - 1; /* 1 beyond end of current T mantissa (in scratch) */
     985     33990802 :   Ne = N + 1;       /* 1 beyond end of N mantissa */
     986              : 
     987     33990802 :   carry = 0;
     988    251171337 :   for (i=0; i<k; i++) /* set T := T/B nod N, k times */
     989              :   {
     990    217180535 :     Td = Te; /* one beyond end of (new) T mantissa */
     991    217180535 :     Nd = Ne;
     992    217180535 :     hiremainder = *++Td;
     993    217180535 :     m = hiremainder * inv; /* solve T + m N = O(B) */
     994              : 
     995              :     /* set T := (T + mN) / B */
     996    217180535 :     Te = Td;
     997    217180535 :     (void)addmul(m, *++Nd); /* = 0 */
     998   1867076407 :     for (j=1; j<k; j++)
     999              :     {
    1000   1649895872 :       t = addll(addmul(m, *++Nd), *++Td);
    1001   1649895872 :       *Td = t;
    1002   1649895872 :       hiremainder += overflow;
    1003              :     }
    1004    217180535 :     t = addll(hiremainder, *++Td); *Td = t + carry;
    1005    217180535 :     carry = (overflow || (carry && *Td == 0));
    1006              :   }
    1007     33990802 :   if (carry)
    1008              :   { /* Td > N overflows (k+1 words), set Td := Td - N */
    1009       127381 :     GEN NE = N + k+1;
    1010       127381 :     Td = Te;
    1011       127381 :     Nd = Ne;
    1012       127381 :     t = subll(*++Td, *++Nd); *Td = t;
    1013      1278043 :     while (Nd < NE) { t = subllx(*++Td, *++Nd); *Td = t; }
    1014              :   }
    1015              : 
    1016              :   /* copy result */
    1017     33990802 :   Td = (GEN)av - 1; /* *Td = high word of final result */
    1018     37554286 :   while (*Td == 0 && Te < Td) Td--; /* strip leading 0s */
    1019     33990802 :   k = Td - Te; if (!k) return gc_const(av, gen_0);
    1020     33990802 :   Td = (GEN)av - k; /* will write mantissa there */
    1021     33990802 :   (void)memmove(Td, Te+1, k*sizeof(long));
    1022     33990802 :   Td -= 2;
    1023     33990802 :   Td[0] = evaltyp(t_INT) | evallg(k+2);
    1024     34285642 :   Td[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(k+2);
    1025              : #ifdef DEBUG
    1026              : {
    1027              :   long l = NLIMBS(N), s = BITS_IN_LONG*l;
    1028              :   GEN R = int2n(s);
    1029              :   GEN res = remii(mulii(T, Fp_inv(R, N)), N);
    1030              :   if (k > lgefint(N)
    1031              :     || !equalii(remii(Td,N),res)
    1032              :     || cmpii(Td, addii(shifti(T, -s), N)) >= 0) pari_err_BUG("red_montgomery");
    1033              : }
    1034              : #endif
    1035     34285642 :   return gc_const((pari_sp)Td, Td);
    1036              : }
    1037              : 
    1038              : /* EXACT INTEGER DIVISION */
    1039              : 
    1040              : /* use undocumented GMP interface */
    1041              : static void
    1042    116893119 : GEN2mpz(mpz_t X, GEN x)
    1043              : {
    1044    116893119 :   long l = lgefint(x)-2;
    1045    116893119 :   X->_mp_alloc = l;
    1046    116893119 :   X->_mp_size = signe(x) > 0? l: -l;
    1047    116893119 :   X->_mp_d = LIMBS(x);
    1048    116893119 : }
    1049              : static void
    1050     58447859 : mpz2GEN(GEN z, mpz_t Z)
    1051              : {
    1052     58447859 :   long l = Z->_mp_size;
    1053     58447859 :   z[1] = evalsigne(l > 0? 1: -1) | evallgefint(labs(l)+2);
    1054     58447859 : }
    1055              : 
    1056              : #ifdef mpn_divexact_1
    1057              : static GEN
    1058    436693523 : diviuexact_i(GEN x, ulong y)
    1059              : {
    1060    436693523 :   long l = lgefint(x);
    1061    436693523 :   GEN z = cgeti(l);
    1062    435750108 :   mpn_divexact_1(LIMBS(z), LIMBS(x), NLIMBS(x), y);
    1063    435897566 :   if (z[l-1] == 0) l--;
    1064    435897566 :   z[1] = evallgefint(l) | evalsigne(signe(x));
    1065    435897566 :   return z;
    1066              : }
    1067              : #elif 1 && !defined(_WIN64) /* mpz_divexact_ui is not LLP64 friendly   */
    1068              :                             /* assume y != 0 and the division is exact */
    1069              : static GEN
    1070              : diviuexact_i(GEN x, ulong y)
    1071              : {
    1072              :   long l = lgefint(x);
    1073              :   GEN z = cgeti(l);
    1074              :   mpz_t X, Z;
    1075              :   GEN2mpz(X, x);
    1076              :   Z->_mp_alloc = l-2;
    1077              :   Z->_mp_size  = l-2;
    1078              :   Z->_mp_d = LIMBS(z);
    1079              :   mpz_divexact_ui(Z, X, y);
    1080              :   mpz2GEN(z, Z); return z;
    1081              : }
    1082              : #else
    1083              : /* assume y != 0 and the division is exact */
    1084              : static GEN
    1085              : diviuexact_i(GEN x, ulong y)
    1086              : {
    1087              :   /*TODO: implement true exact division.*/
    1088              :   return divii(x,utoi(y));
    1089              : }
    1090              : #endif
    1091              : 
    1092              : GEN
    1093     34238930 : diviuexact(GEN x, ulong y)
    1094              : {
    1095              :   GEN z;
    1096     34238930 :   if (!signe(x)) return gen_0;
    1097     32846602 :   z = diviuexact_i(x, y);
    1098     32842204 :   if (lgefint(z) == 2) pari_err_OP("exact division", x, utoi(y));
    1099     32842561 :   return z;
    1100              : }
    1101              : 
    1102              : /* Find z such that x=y*z, knowing that y | x (unchecked) */
    1103              : GEN
    1104    556946552 : diviiexact(GEN x, GEN y)
    1105              : {
    1106              :   GEN z;
    1107    556946552 :   if (!signe(y)) pari_err_INV("diviiexact",y);
    1108    557174047 :   if (!signe(x)) return gen_0;
    1109    462862542 :   if (lgefint(y) == 3)
    1110              :   {
    1111    404438806 :     z = diviuexact_i(x, y[2]);
    1112    403588402 :     if (signe(y) < 0) togglesign(z);
    1113              :   }
    1114              :   else
    1115              :   {
    1116     58423736 :     long l = lgefint(x);
    1117              :     mpz_t X, Y, Z;
    1118     58423736 :     z = cgeti(l);
    1119     58446721 :     GEN2mpz(X, x);
    1120     58446649 :     GEN2mpz(Y, y);
    1121     58446517 :     Z->_mp_alloc = l-2;
    1122     58446517 :     Z->_mp_size  = l-2;
    1123     58446517 :     Z->_mp_d = LIMBS(z);
    1124     58446517 :     mpz_divexact(Z, X, Y);
    1125     58447867 :     mpz2GEN(z, Z);
    1126              :   }
    1127    462036231 :   if (lgefint(z) == 2) pari_err_OP("exact division", x, y);
    1128    462025119 :   return z;
    1129              : }
    1130              : 
    1131              : /* assume yz != and yz | x */
    1132              : GEN
    1133       200718 : diviuuexact(GEN x, ulong y, ulong z)
    1134              : {
    1135              :   long tmp[4];
    1136              :   ulong t;
    1137              :   LOCAL_HIREMAINDER;
    1138       200718 :   t = mulll(y, z);
    1139       200718 :   if (!hiremainder) return diviuexact(x, t);
    1140            0 :   tmp[0] = evaltyp(t_INT)|_evallg(4);
    1141            0 :   tmp[1] = evalsigne(1)|evallgefint(4);
    1142            0 :   tmp[2] = t;
    1143            0 :   tmp[3] = hiremainder;
    1144            0 :   return diviiexact(x, tmp);
    1145              : }
    1146              : 
    1147              : /********************************************************************/
    1148              : /**                                                                **/
    1149              : /**               INTEGER MULTIPLICATION                           **/
    1150              : /**                                                                **/
    1151              : /********************************************************************/
    1152              : 
    1153              : /* nx >= ny = num. of digits of x, y (not GEN, see mulii) */
    1154              : GEN
    1155   6079931588 : muliispec(GEN x, GEN y, long nx, long ny)
    1156              : {
    1157              :   GEN zd;
    1158              :   long lz;
    1159              :   ulong hi;
    1160              : 
    1161   6079931588 :   if (nx < ny) swapspec(x,y, nx,ny);
    1162   6079931588 :   if (!ny) return gen_0;
    1163   6079931588 :   if (ny == 1) return muluispec((ulong)*y, x, nx);
    1164              : 
    1165   1115754838 :   lz = nx+ny+2;
    1166   1115754838 :   zd = cgeti(lz);
    1167   1120468044 :   hi = mpn_mul(LIMBS(zd), (mp_limb_t *)x, nx, (mp_limb_t *)y, ny);
    1168   1127685636 :   if (!hi) lz--;
    1169              :   /*else zd[lz-1]=hi; GH tell me it is not necessary.*/
    1170              : 
    1171   1127685636 :   zd[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
    1172   1127685636 :   return zd;
    1173              : }
    1174              : GEN
    1175       222965 : muluui(ulong x, ulong y, GEN z)
    1176              : {
    1177       222965 :   long t, s = signe(z);
    1178              :   GEN r;
    1179              :   LOCAL_HIREMAINDER;
    1180              : 
    1181       222965 :   if (!x || !y || !signe(z)) return gen_0;
    1182       222584 :   t = mulll(x,y);
    1183       222584 :   if (!hiremainder)
    1184       222598 :     r = muluispec(t, z+2, lgefint(z)-2);
    1185              :   else
    1186              :   {
    1187              :     long tmp[2];
    1188            0 :     tmp[1] = hiremainder;
    1189            0 :     tmp[0] = t;
    1190            0 :     r = muliispec(z+2,tmp, lgefint(z)-2, 2);
    1191              :   }
    1192       222556 :   setsigne(r,s); return r;
    1193              : }
    1194              : 
    1195              : GEN
    1196   1072070304 : sqrispec(GEN x, long nx)
    1197              : {
    1198              :   GEN zd;
    1199              :   long lz;
    1200              : 
    1201   1072070304 :   if (!nx) return gen_0;
    1202    509846993 :   if (nx==1) return sqru(*x);
    1203              : 
    1204    285214519 :   lz = (nx<<1)+2;
    1205    285214519 :   zd = cgeti(lz);
    1206              : #ifdef mpn_sqr
    1207    282718334 :   mpn_sqr(LIMBS(zd), (mp_limb_t *)x, nx);
    1208              : #else
    1209              :   mpn_mul_n(LIMBS(zd), (mp_limb_t *)x, (mp_limb_t *)x, nx);
    1210              : #endif
    1211    285899879 :   if (zd[lz-1]==0) lz--;
    1212              : 
    1213    285899879 :   zd[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
    1214    285899879 :   return zd;
    1215              : }
    1216              : 
    1217              : INLINE GEN
    1218     40115581 : sqrispec_mirror(GEN x, long nx)
    1219              : {
    1220     40115581 :   GEN cx=new_chunk(nx);
    1221              :   GEN z;
    1222     40069505 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy((mp_limb_t *)cx,(mp_limb_t *)x,nx);
    1223     40175501 :   z=sqrispec(cx, nx);
    1224     40247097 :   xmpn_mirror(LIMBS(z), NLIMBS(z));
    1225     40246834 :   return z;
    1226              : }
    1227              : 
    1228              : /* leaves garbage on the stack. */
    1229              : INLINE GEN
    1230     83796840 : muliispec_mirror(GEN x, GEN y, long nx, long ny)
    1231              : {
    1232              :   GEN cx, cy, z;
    1233     83796840 :   long s = 0;
    1234    115136561 :   while (nx && x[nx-1]==0) { nx--; s++; }
    1235    121602643 :   while (ny && y[ny-1]==0) { ny--; s++; }
    1236     83796840 :   cx=new_chunk(nx); cy=new_chunk(ny);
    1237     83318142 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy((mp_limb_t *)cx,(mp_limb_t *)x,nx);
    1238     84240923 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy((mp_limb_t *)cy,(mp_limb_t *)y,ny);
    1239     84802868 :   z =  nx>=ny ? muliispec(cx, cy, nx, ny): muliispec(cy, cx, ny, nx);
    1240     84774123 :   if (s)
    1241              :   {
    1242      7673909 :     long i, lz = lgefint(z) + s;
    1243      7673909 :     (void)new_chunk(s);
    1244      7673906 :     z -= s;
    1245     76819429 :     for (i=0; i<s; i++) z[2+i]=0;
    1246      7673906 :     z[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(lz);
    1247      7673906 :     z[0] = evaltyp(t_INT) | evallg(lz);
    1248              :   }
    1249     84774120 :   xmpn_mirror(LIMBS(z), NLIMBS(z));
    1250     85444732 :   return z;
    1251              : }
    1252              : 
    1253              : /* x % (2^n), assuming n >= 0 */
    1254              : GEN
    1255     38311767 : remi2n(GEN x, long n)
    1256              : {
    1257              :   ulong hi;
    1258     38311767 :   long l, k, lx, ly, sx = signe(x);
    1259              :   GEN z, xd, zd;
    1260              : 
    1261     38311767 :   if (!sx || !n) return gen_0;
    1262              : 
    1263     37982763 :   k = dvmdsBIL(n, &l);
    1264     37994396 :   lx = lgefint(x);
    1265     37994396 :   if (lx < k+3) return icopy(x);
    1266              : 
    1267     37126365 :   xd = x + (2 + k);
    1268              :   /* x = |k|...|1|#|... : copy the last l bits of # and the first k words
    1269              :    *              ^--- initial xd  */
    1270     37126365 :   hi = ((ulong)*xd) & ((1UL<<l)-1); /* last l bits of # = top bits of result */
    1271     37126365 :   if (!hi)
    1272              :   { /* strip leading zeroes from result */
    1273      4328278 :     xd--; while (k && !*xd) { k--; xd--; }
    1274      4137362 :     if (!k) return gen_0;
    1275      2231893 :     ly = k+2;
    1276              :   }
    1277              :   else
    1278     32989003 :     ly = k+3;
    1279              : 
    1280     35220896 :   zd = z = cgeti(ly);
    1281     35181286 :   *++zd = evalsigne(sx) | evallgefint(ly);
    1282    474855629 :   xd = x+1; for ( ;k; k--) *++zd = *++xd;
    1283     35181286 :   if (hi) *++zd = hi;
    1284     35181286 :   return z;
    1285              : }
    1286              : 
    1287              : /********************************************************************/
    1288              : /**                                                                **/
    1289              : /**                      INTEGER SQUARE ROOT                       **/
    1290              : /**                                                                **/
    1291              : /********************************************************************/
    1292              : 
    1293              : /* Return S (and set R) s.t S^2 + R = N, 0 <= R <= 2S.
    1294              :  * As for dvmdii, R is last on stack and guaranteed to be gen_0 in case the
    1295              :  * remainder is 0. R = NULL is allowed. */
    1296              : GEN
    1297      5135430 : sqrtremi(GEN a, GEN *r)
    1298              : {
    1299      5135430 :   long l, na = NLIMBS(a);
    1300              :   mp_size_t nr;
    1301              :   GEN S;
    1302      5135430 :   if (!na) {
    1303          724 :     if (r) *r = gen_0;
    1304          724 :     return gen_0;
    1305              :   }
    1306      5134706 :   l = (na + 5) >> 1; /* 2 + ceil(na/2) */
    1307      5134706 :   S = cgetipos(l);
    1308      5134683 :   if (r) {
    1309      1310597 :     GEN R = cgeti(2 + na);
    1310      1310597 :     nr = mpn_sqrtrem(LIMBS(S), LIMBS(R), LIMBS(a), na);
    1311      1310598 :     if (nr) R[1] = evalsigne(1) | evallgefint(nr+2);
    1312        25304 :     else    { set_avma((pari_sp)S); R = gen_0; }
    1313      1310598 :     *r = R;
    1314              :   }
    1315              :   else
    1316      3824086 :     (void)mpn_sqrtrem(LIMBS(S), NULL, LIMBS(a), na);
    1317      5134686 :   return S;
    1318              : }
    1319              : 
    1320              : /* compute sqrt(|a|), assuming a != 0 */
    1321              : GEN
    1322    130657346 : sqrtr_abs(GEN a)
    1323              : {
    1324              :   GEN res;
    1325              :   mp_limb_t *b, *c;
    1326    130657346 :   long l = RNLIMBS(a), e = expo(a), er = e>>1;
    1327              :   long n;
    1328    130657346 :   res = cgetg(2 + l, t_REAL);
    1329    130577360 :   res[1] = evalsigne(1) | evalexpo(er);
    1330    130651624 :   if (e&1)
    1331              :   {
    1332     55200806 :     b = (mp_limb_t *) new_chunk(l<<1);
    1333     55186680 :     xmpn_zero(b,l);
    1334     55187092 :     xmpn_mirrorcopy(b+l, RLIMBS(a), l);
    1335     55199660 :     c = (mp_limb_t *) new_chunk(l);
    1336     55193826 :     n = mpn_sqrtrem(c,b,b,l<<1); /* c <- sqrt; b <- rem */
    1337     55227550 :     if (n>l || (n==l && mpn_cmp(b,c,l) > 0)) mpn_add_1(c,c,l,1);
    1338              :   }
    1339              :   else
    1340              :   {
    1341              :     ulong u;
    1342     75450818 :     b = (mp_limb_t *) mantissa2nr(a,-1);
    1343     75485280 :     b[1] = uel(a,l+1)<<(BITS_IN_LONG-1);
    1344     75485280 :     b = (mp_limb_t *) new_chunk(l);
    1345     75462350 :     xmpn_zero(b,l+1); /* overwrites the former b[0] */
    1346     75465202 :     c = (mp_limb_t *) new_chunk(l + 1);
    1347     75427854 :     n = mpn_sqrtrem(c,b,b,(l<<1)+2); /* c <- sqrt; b <- rem */
    1348     75525115 :     u = (ulong)*c++;
    1349     75525115 :     if ( u&HIGHBIT || (u == ~HIGHBIT &&
    1350            0 :              (n>l || (n==l && mpn_cmp(b,c,l)>0))))
    1351     37199887 :       mpn_add_1(c,c,l,1);
    1352              :   }
    1353    130761773 :   xmpn_mirrorcopy(RLIMBS(res),c,l);
    1354    130737243 :   return gc_const((pari_sp)res, res);
    1355              : }
    1356              : 
    1357              : /* Normalize a nonnegative integer */
    1358              : GEN
    1359    320514406 : int_normalize(GEN x, long known_zero_words)
    1360              : {
    1361    320514406 :   long i =  lgefint(x) - 1 - known_zero_words;
    1362   2798922004 :   for ( ; i > 1; i--)
    1363   2746593195 :     if (x[i]) { setlgefint(x, i+1); return x; }
    1364     52328809 :   x[1] = evalsigne(0) | evallgefint(2); return x;
    1365              : }
    1366              : 
    1367              : /********************************************************************
    1368              :  **                                                                **
    1369              :  **                           Base Conversion                      **
    1370              :  **                                                                **
    1371              :  ********************************************************************/
    1372              : 
    1373              : ulong *
    1374       447688 : convi(GEN x, long *l)
    1375              : {
    1376       447688 :   long n = nchar2nlong(2 + (long)(NLIMBS(x) * (BITS_IN_LONG * LOG10_2)));
    1377       447688 :   GEN str = cgetg(n+1, t_VECSMALL);
    1378       447688 :   unsigned char *res = (unsigned char*) GSTR(str);
    1379       447688 :   long llz = mpn_get_str(res, 10, LIMBS(icopy(x)), NLIMBS(x));
    1380              :   long lz;
    1381              :   ulong *z;
    1382              :   long i, j;
    1383              :   unsigned char *t;
    1384       447688 :   while (!*res) {res++; llz--;} /*Strip leading zeros*/
    1385       447688 :   lz  = (8+llz)/9;
    1386       447688 :   z = (ulong*)new_chunk(1+lz);
    1387       447688 :   t=res+llz+9;
    1388       887040 :   for(i=0;i<llz-8;i+=9)
    1389              :   {
    1390              :     ulong s;
    1391       439352 :     t-=18;
    1392       439352 :     s=*t++;
    1393      3954168 :     for (j=1; j<9;j++)
    1394      3514816 :       s=10*s+*t++;
    1395       439352 :     *z++=s;
    1396              :   }
    1397       447688 :   if (i<llz)
    1398              :   {
    1399       443345 :     unsigned char *t = res;
    1400       443345 :     ulong s=*t++;
    1401      1248780 :     for (j=i+1; j<llz;j++)
    1402       805435 :       s=10*s+*t++;
    1403       443345 :     *z++=s;
    1404              :   }
    1405       447688 :   *l = lz;
    1406       447688 :   return z;
    1407              : }
        

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