Function: sumalt
Section: sums
C-Name: sumalt0
Prototype: V=GED0,L,p
Help: sumalt(X=a,expr,{flag=0}): Cohen-Villegas-Zagier's acceleration of
 alternating series expr, X starting at a. flag is optional, and can be 0:
 default, or 1: uses a slightly different method using Zagier's polynomials.
Wrapper: (,G)
Description:
  (gen,gen,?0):gen:prec sumalt(${2 cookie}, ${2 wrapper}, $1, $prec)
  (gen,gen,1):gen:prec sumalt2(${2 cookie}, ${2 wrapper}, $1, $prec)
Doc: numerical summation of the series \var{expr}, which should be an
 \idx{alternating series} $(-1)^{k} a_{k}$, the formal variable $X$ starting at
 $a$. Use an algorithm of Cohen, Villegas and Zagier (\emph{Experiment. Math.}
 {\bf 9} (2000), no.~1, 3--12).

 If $\fl=0$, assuming that the $a_{k}$ are the moments of a positive
 measure on $[0,1]$, the relative error is $O(3+\sqrt8)^{-n}$ after using
 $a_{k}$ for $k\leq n$. If \kbd{realprecision} is $p$, we thus set
 $n = \log(10)p/\log(3+\sqrt8)\approx 1.3 p$; besides the time needed to
 compute the $a_{k}$, $k\leq n$, the algorithm overhead is negligible: time
 $O(p^{2})$ and space $O(p)$.

 If $\fl=1$, use a variant with more complicated polynomials, see
 \tet{polzagier}. If the $a_{k}$ are the moments of $w(x)dx$ where $w$
 (or only $xw(x^{2})$) is a smooth function extending analytically to the whole
 complex plane, convergence is in $O(14.4^{-n})$. If $xw(x^{2})$ extends
 analytically to a smaller region, we still have exponential convergence,
 with worse constants. Usually faster when the computation of $a_{k}$ is
 expensive. If \kbd{realprecision} is $p$, we thus set
 $n = \log(10)p/\log(14.4)\approx 0.86 p$; besides the time needed to
 compute the $a_{k}$, $k\leq n$, the algorithm overhead is \emph{not}
 negligible: time $O(p^{3})$ and space $O(p^{2})$. Thus, even if the analytic
 conditions for rigorous use are met, this variant is only worthwile if the
 $a_{k}$ are hard to compute, at least $O(p^{2})$ individually on average:
 otherwise we gain a small constant factor (1.5, say) in the number of
 needed $a_{k}$ at the expense of a large overhead.

 The conditions for rigorous use are hard to check but the routine is best used
 heuristically: even divergent alternating series can sometimes be summed by
 this method, as well as series which are not exactly alternating (see for
 example \secref{se:user_defined}). It should be used to try and guess the
 value of an infinite sum. (However, see the example at the end of
 \secref{se:userfundef}.)

 If the series already converges geometrically,
 \tet{suminf} is often a better choice:
 \bprog
 ? \p38
 ? sumalt(i = 1, -(-1)^i / i)  - log(2)
 time = 0 ms.
 %1 = 0.E-38
 ? suminf(i = 1, -(-1)^i / i)   \\@com Had to hit \kbd{Ctrl-C}
   ***   at top-level: suminf(i=1,-(-1)^i/i)
   ***                                ^------
   *** suminf: user interrupt after 10min, 20,100 ms.
 ? \p1000
 ? sumalt(i = 1, -(-1)^i / i)  - log(2)
 time = 90 ms.
 %2 = 4.459597722 E-1002

 ? sumalt(i = 0, (-1)^i / i!) - exp(-1)
 time = 670 ms.
 %3 = -4.03698781490633483156497361352190615794353338591897830587 E-944
 ? suminf(i = 0, (-1)^i / i!) - exp(-1)
 time = 110 ms.
 %4 = -8.39147638 E-1000   \\ @com faster and more accurate
 @eprog

 \synt{sumalt}{void *E, GEN (*eval)(void*,GEN),GEN a,long prec}. Also
 available is \tet{sumalt2} with the same arguments ($\fl = 1$).
